PAIR'ING. In parliament, when two members of opposite opinions agree to absent themselves from divisions of the House during stated periods.

PAL'ACE-COURT. The court which administers justice among the domestic servants of the Crown. Its jurisdiction extends twelve miles in circuit from the royal palace.

way, again, and deep, to run. A word, verse, or sentence, as madam, and Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor.

PALINGEN'ESY, from aλ, again, and

PALEOGRAPHY, from aλads, ancient, and yeapw, to write. Description of ancient manuscripts, inscriptions, &c. PALEOLOGY, From aλaids, ancient, PALEOLOGY. and λoyos, discourse. The study of ancient things.

PALEONTOLOGY, from aλaids, ancient, Ovra, beings, and λoyos, discourse. The study of fossil remains of animal and vegetable life.

PALEOSAURUS, from aλesòs, ancient, and σaugos, a lizard. A genus of saurians, found only fossil in the magnesian lime

stone.

PALEOTHE'RIUM, from aλasos, ancient, and Ongiov, a wild beast. An extinct genus of quadrupeds, belonging to the order Pachydermata. The place of the Palæotherium is intermediate between the rhinoceros, the horse, and the tapir. Some of the species appear to have been as large as the rhinoceros; others were from the size of a horse to that of a hog.

PALE'STRA. A sort of educational establishment among the Greeks, consisting both of a college and academy; the one for exercises of the mind, and the other for those of the body.

PALANQUIN', Hind. palkee, from San. PALANKEE'N. paluc, a couch. A sort of litter or covered carriage used in India, and borne on the shoulders of four porters, called coolies; eight of whom are always attached to one palanquin, and relieve each other.

PAL'ATE, Lat. palatum. 1. The roof or upper part of the mouth.-2. In botany, an eminence in the inner part of the mouth of gaping blossoms which closes them. PALATINE, Appertaining to the palate. PAL'ATAL. The letters d, g, j, k, l, n, and q, are called palatals

PALATINATE. The name formerly given to two states of Germany.

PALE, Sax. pal, from Lat. palus. 1. A pointed stake used in fencing or inclosing. -2. In heraldry, one of the greater ordinaries, being a broad perpendicular line, the representation of a pale or stake placed upright.

PALEA CEOUS, Lat. paleaceus, chaffy

term used by entomologists to designate the transitions of insects from one state to another.

PALISADE, Fr. palissade, from the root of pale. A fence or fortification, consist

ing of a row of pales or stakes (called also sometimes palisades), set firmly in the ground. In fortifications, the posts are placed closely together, parallel to the parapet in the covered way, to prevent surprise. Palisades serve also to fortify the avenues of open forts, gorges, half-moons, the bottom of ditches, &c.

PALIMPSEST', Tahy, again, and Yaw, I rub. A sort of parchment, from which writing might be erased, and which might be written upon anew.

PALISSE'. In heraldry, a bearing like a range of palisades before a fortification, represented on a fesse, rising up a considerable height and pointed on the top, with the field appearing between them.

PALL', Sax. paelle, Lat. pallium. 1. A mantle of state.-2. The mantle of an archbishop. Also a hood of white lamb's wool with four crosses upon it, forming the arms of the see of Canterbury: sometimes called the episcopal pall.-3. The covering thrown over a dead body at funerals. 4. In heraldry, a figure like Y, representing the pallium or ornament of an archbishop, sent from Rome to metropolitans.

PALLA. In Latin, the long outer garments suitable for Roman females of respectable rank.

PALLA'DIUM. 1. A rare metal discovered in 1803 by Dr. Wollaston, in crude platinum, and so named from the planet Pallas, discovered the year before. It is a white metal much resembling platinum, but has more of a silvery appearance, and like silver is liable to tarnish in the air. Sp. gr. 118 to 121. Melts from 150° to 160° Wedgewood, and does not oxidise at a white heat.-2. Primarily, a wooden statue of the goddess Pallas, which represented her as sitting with a pike in her right hand, and in her left a distaff and spindle. On the preservation of this statue depended the safety of Troy; hence the term has come to denote any effectual defence, protection, or safety. Thus we say the trial by jury is the palladium of our civil rights.

PALLAS.

1. In mythology, another name for Minerva.-2. One of the four small planets, situated between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, discovered by Dr. Olbers of Bremen, in 1802. It appears like a star of the eighth magnitude; its mean distance from the sun is 266,000,000 miles, diameter uncertain, and its period of revolution 4 years, 7 months, and 11 days.

PALLET, Fr. palette, from Lat. pala, a shovel. 1. A painter's colour-board, i.e. the little board on which the colours for immediate use are placed and mixed in working.-2. In gilding, an instrument made of a squirrel's tail, &c., to take up the gold-leaf from the pillow, and to apply and extend the same.-3. In pottery, &c., a small instrument, usually wood, for forming the articles from the plastic clay.-4. A partition in the hold of a ship.-5. In heraldry, a small pale, being one-half the breadth of that ordinary, 6. In a watch and clock, the pallets are those parts, two small levers, which give the beats, sometimes written palettes and pallats.

PAL'LIUM. The cloak worn by the Greeks as the toga was by the Romans.

2. A pontifical ornament worn by popes, patriarchs, primates, and metropolitans of the Romish church.

PALL-MALL', palle-maille. An old game, in which a ball was driven through an iron ring or arch. It was formerly practised in St. James's Park, London, and gave its name to the street called PallMall (pron. pell-mell).

PALLS'. In ships, strong short pieces of iron or wood, placed near the capstan or windlass, so as to prevent its recoiling.

PALM'. 1. In botany (see PALMA.)-2. The palms of an anchor are the broad parts at the ends of the arms or flukes.-3. A hand-breadth; a linear measure equal to 3 inches, considered as the average breadth of the palm or broad part of the hand. This, when distinguished, is termed the little palm; the great palm is equal to 8 inches.4. A little flat instrument, used instead of a thimble in sewing canvas.

PALMA CHRISTI. Christ's palm. The castor-oil plant. Ricinus communis.

PALME. The palm tribe of trees. A most important and natural family of plants. They have trunks similar to trees, but come under the name of stipes, the tops being frondescent, that is, sending off leaves instead of branches. They are, though commonly called trees, really perennial herbaceous plants, having nothing in common with the growth of trees in general. They take their name from palma, the hand, because the leaves are extended from the top like the fingers upon the hand when spread. The palm

is so highly elastic as when pressed down, to rise and recover its erect position. The figure represents the date-tree, a species of the palm.

PALM'ER. A begging pilgrim returned from the Holy Land, bearing a branch of palm.

PALMETTO. The dwarf palm. A species of Chamærops or Fan-palm of America. PALM', FRUITFUL. An order formed in 1617 in Germany, for the preservation and culture of the language..

PAL'MIC ACID. An acid substance, obtained in silky acicular crystals, by saponifying palmine, and treating an aqueous solution of the soap with hydrochloric acid. It fuses at 122° Fah., and is soluble in all proportions in alcohol and ether.

PAL'MINE. A white substance, about the consistence of wax when first obtained, but hardens with keeping, and assumes a resinous appearance. It dissolves in alcohol and ether, and saponifies with potash ley. It is readily obtained by treating castor oil (oleum ricini), with about onetwentieth of its weight of hyponitrous acid, diluted with thrice its weight of nitric acid.

PALMIP'EDES, plur. of palmipes, a webfooted animal. An order of birds having the toes connected by a web or membrane, and thus the feet fitted for swimming. Cuvier divides them into four families, Brachyptera, Longipennes, Totipalmata, and Lamellirostres.

PALM'-OIL. An unctuous substance, about the consistence of butter, of a yellowish colour, and no particular taste, obtained from the fruit of several species of palms, especially from that of the Elais guineensis, which grows abundantly on

the west coast of Africa and in Brazil. It is sometimes imitated with hog's lard coloured with turmeric, and scented with Florentine iris root. Palm-oil consists of 69 oleine and 31 stearine, melts at 84° F., and becomes rancid by exposure to the air. It has hitherto been employed in the manufacture of brown soap; but, as it can now be economically bleached by the action of chromic acid, it may be employed in the manufacture of white soap, candles, &c.

PALM SUNDAY. The sixth Sunday in Lent, the next before Easter, commemorative of the Saviour's triumphant entrance into Jerusalem, when palm branches were strewed in the way.

PALM-WINE. A juice obtained in the East Indies (where it is named Toddy), by the incision of a species of the palm. PALM-WORM. An American insect about 12 inches long, covered with hair, and extremely swift in its motions. It is a species of centipede, and wounds severely,

but not fatally.

PALMY'RA. A genus of Annulata, established in the order Dorsibranchiata, by Savigny, to receive a beautiful animal of one to two inches in length, found in the

Isle of France. It is recognised by its superior fasciculi, the setæ of which are large, flattened, flabelliform, and glistening like highly polished gold.

PAL'PI. Feelers. These are articulated appendages, attached to the jaws of insects: they are the auxiliary organs of a masticating mouth. Those upon the maxillæ are termed maxillary feelers (palpi maxillares); those placed laterally upon

the labium are the labial feelers (palpi

labiales).

PALPICOR'NES. Palpi-horned insects. The fifth family of pentamerous Coleoptera in Cuvier's arrangement. The antennæ terminate in a club, usually perfoliaceous, and consist of nine joints in all. They are much longer than the maxillary palpi. PA'LY, A term in heraldry, when PALE WAYS. the shield is divided into four or more equal parts, by perpendicular lines from top to bottom.

PAM'PAS. A name for the vast plains of South America and Africa. See PRAIRIE. PAM'PEROS. Violent winds which come from the west or south west, and sweep over the pampas in the southern parts of Buenos Ayres.

PAM'PRE (Fr.). An ornament in sculpture, consisting of vine leaves and branches of grapes.

ed it for the Chinese Ginseng (P. quinquefolia), equally celebrated with the ancient panax for its medicinal virtues. Besides the Ginseng plant, there are seven other species of panax, all natives of warm climates.

PANCARTES. In diplomatics, royal charters, in which the enjoyment of his possessions is confirmed to a subject.

PANCRA'TIUM. 1. An athletic exercise among the Greeks: from say, all, and zgariw, to conquer.-2. An extensive genus of perennial plants. HexandriaMonogynia. Warm climates.

PAN'CREAS, from say, all, and xgtas,

flesh.

A flat glandular viscus of the abdomen, compared to the form of a dog's tongue, and situated in the epigastric region under the stomach: named from its fleshy consistence. The use of the pancreas is to secrete the pancreatic juice, a fluid in its nature similar to saliva, to be mixed with the chyle in the

duodenum.

PAN'DA. The Ailurus refulgens, Fred. Cuv. An animal about the size of a cat, having a fine close fur, above of the most brilliant cinnamon red, behind more fawn coloured, beneath of a deep black, found

in the north of India.

PAN'DECTS. A digest of civil or Roman law, made by order of Justinian. The compilation consists of 50 books containing 534 decisions, to which the emperor gave the force and authority of law. PAN'DIT,

PUNDIT.' A learned Brahmin.

PANDO'RA. The first woman, according mand of Jupiter, and named άvtov dwęά, to the poets, made by Vulcan at the combecause every god adorned her with some gift. She presented her husband, Epimetheus, with a box, the gift of Jupiter, and on his opening it, there flew out all sorts of evils over the earth, and filled it with diseases and all sorts of calamities.

PAN'DORE, Tavdovga, Pandura. A PANDO'RON, musical instrument of the lute kind: a bandore.

PANDO'RUS. A light infantry raised from the Turkish frontiers, in the Austrian army.

PAN'EL. 1. A schedule or roll of such jurors as the sheriff returns to pass upon any trial. Impanelling a jury is returning their names in such schedule of parchbar is the panel.-2. In joinery, a thin ment. In Scottish law, the prisoner at the board, having its edges inserted in the panels of a door. Masons also give the groove of a surrounding frame, as the name panel to a face of a hewn stone.

PAN'EMORE. In mechanics, a globular windmill, proposed to be erected in the middle of a ship, for turning wheels and

PAN'IC. 1. A sudden fright without real cause: from Pan, a captain, who with a few men routed a numerous army by the noise which his soldiers raised in a rocky valley, which reflected numerous echoes. -2. A grain like millet: the seed of the panic-grass.

PAN'ICLE, Lat. panicula, a cluster. A species of compound inflorescence, in which the flowers are scattered on peduncles, without order, appearing like a branched spike. This species of inflorescence occurs most commonly in grasses.

PAN'ICUM. Panic-grass. A genus of grasses. Triandria Digynia. Named à paniculis, the spike consisting of numerous thick seeds disposed in many panicles. Millet-seed is the produce of the P. miliaceum, a hardy annual, a native of India, but now cultivated pretty extensively in the South of Europe. The P. Italicum, or Italian millet, is believed to have been the panicum of the ancients.

PAN'NAGE. The feeding of swine upon mast in woods; also the money taken by agistors for the mast of the crown-forests.

PAN'NEL, Fr. panneau. In architecture, an area sunk from the general surface of the work.

PANOPHOBIA, from zav, all, and cocos, fear. That kind of melancholy which is chiefly characterised by groundless fears.

PANORAMA, from xav, all, and agaμa, view; entire view. A picture drawn upon the interior of a large cylinder, representing the objects which can be seen from one station, when the observer directs his eye successively to every part of the horizon. Invented by Mr. Robert Barker in 1787.

PANOR'PA. The Scorpion-fly: a genus of Neuropterous insects, family Planipennes. See PANORPATE.

PANOR'PATE. The name given by Latreille to that tribe of insects which compose the genus Panorpa, Lin. and Fab. They have five joints to all the tarsi, and the anterior of their head prolonged and narrowed in the form of a rostrum or proboscis. Palpi, four to six, and filiform.

PANSTEREORAMA, παν, στέρεος, solid, and ogαw, I see. A model of a town or country in cork, wood, or any other material.

PAN'TAGRAPH, from xay, every, and reaqw, I write. Improperly written pantograph, which see.

PANTECH'NICON, яay and Tex, art. A place where every kind of workmanship is exposed for sale.

PANTHE'A. In antiquity, single statues, composed of figures of several different divinities combined: av, all, and Otos, god. PAN'THEISM, from rev, all, and 80s, god. The system of theology in which

the doctrine is maintained that the universe is God.

PANTHEON, Tavolov. A temple dedicated to all the gods (rav, all, and Osos, god). One of the most magnificent temples of ancient Rome, and the only one which has been preserved entire. It is now converted into a Christian church, and is dedicated to the Virgin Mary and all the martyrs. It is of the Corinthian order; is round; has a spherical dome, and its diameter within, and its height from the pavement to the grand aperture at the top, are each 144 feet. There was also a pantheon at Athens; first afterwards into a Turkish mosque. changed into a Christian church, and

and Felis pardus, Lin. A ferocious aniPAN'THER. The pardalis of the ancients, mal, found throughout Africa, Southern Asia, and the Indian Archipelago. It is the size of a large dog; is very similar to the leopard, but has only six or seven rows of black spots.

PANTO-CHRONOMETER, Tav, xgovos, time, Ergoy, measure. An instrument which combines the functions of compass, sundial, and universal time-dial.

PAN'TOGRAPH, from zavra, all, and ygapw, to describe. An instrument con

trived for the purpose of copying drawings, either on a larger or smaller scale.

PANTOLOGIA, ταν and λογος. A work of universal information; a dictionary or encyclopædia.

PANTOM'ETER, from zavra, all, and μergov, a measure. An instrument for measuring all sorts of elevations, angles, and distances.

PANTOMIME, παντομίμος. A general mimic; from xay, all, and uos, a mimic. The ancient pantomimes were persons who could imitate all sorts of actions and characters, and were first introduced upon