mended to attend Captain Cooke in his first voyage, which, as well as an offer to go to India, he declined, preferring to settle with his brother at Berkeley. His first work was on the Natural History of the Cuckoo, and it procured him a high reputation as a naturalist. But his fame rests on his promulgating, in 1798, his observations on the efficacy of vaccine inoculation, as a preventive of the small-pox. The fact was well known to the vulgar in the dairycounties; but it required a mind like that of Jenner to seize upon it, act upon it, and promulgate it with success. The practice soon became general; and, although some malignant and envious persons exerted themselves to strip the author of his laurels, the medical bodies and authorities in all countries adopted it; and Dr J. received two grants from parliament, amounting to 30,000l. and honours from the whole civilized world. The plague of the small-pox, which he essayed to stay, had been universal in its ravages. In the British islands alone, it has been computed that forty thousand individuals perished annually by this disease! It killed one in fourteen of all that were born, and one in six of all that were attacked by it in the natural way. The introduction of inoculation for small-pox, was productive of great benefit to all who submitted to the operation; but, though it augmented the individual security, it added to the general mortality, by multiplying the sources of contagion, and thereby increasing the number of those who became affected with the natural distemper. All who have not yet duly appreciated the benefits which vaccination has conferred on mankind, may look on the loathsomeness and dangers of small-pox in its most mitigated form; may consider, that this

disease has been banished from some

countries; and, with due care, might

be

eradicated from all; and may remember, that, notwithstanding prejudices, carelessness, and ignorance, millions now live, who, but for vaccination, would have been in their graves. To have anticipated such results, would, at no remote period, have been considered the most chi merical of imaginations. We have, nevertheless, seen them realized. The time in which they occurred, will for ever be marked as an epoch in the history of man; and England, with all her glories, may rejoice that she has to number a Jenner among her sons. The meekness, gentleness, and simplicity of his demeanour, formed a most striking contrast to the selfesteem which might have arisen from the great and splendid consequences of his discovery. He was thankful and grateful for them in his heart, but to pride and vain-glory he seemed to be an utter stranger. A short time before his death, the following were among the last words he ever spoke; the nature of his services to his fellow-creatures had been the subject of conversation :-"I do not marvel," he observed, "that men are not grateful to me; but I am surprised that they do not feel gratitude to God, for making me a medium of good." No one could see him without perceiving that this was the ha bitual frame of his mind. Without it, it never could have been, that, in his most retired moments, and in his intercourse with the great and exalted of the earth, he invariably exhibited the same uprightness of conduct, singleness of purpose, and unceasing earnestness to promote the welfare of his species, to the total exclusion of all selfish and personal considera tions. His condescension, his kindness, his willingness to listen to every tale of distress, and the open-handed munificence with which he admini.

stered to the wants and necessities of those around him, can never be forgotten by any who have been guided and consoled by his affectionate counsel, or cherished and relieved by his unbounded charity. His sympathy for suffering worth, or genius lost in obscurity, was ever alive; and no indication of talent or ingenuity, no effort of intellect, ever met his eye without gaining his notice, and calling forth his substantial aid and assistance. He was not less generous in pouring forth the treasures of his mind. A long life, spent in the constant study of all the subjects of natural history, had stored it with great variety of knowledge. Here the originality of his views, the felicity and playfulness of his illustrations, and the acuteness of his remarks, imparted a character of genius to his commonest actions and conversations, which could not escape the most inattentive observer. We have authority from his relatives and trustees to state, that, in conformity with his wishes, they have applied to Dr Baron, of Gloucester, to write the account of his life, and to arrange for publication his numerous manuscripts, all the documents in possession of the family being to be committed to Dr Baron's care. From that gentleman, therefore, the public may expect an authentic work as speedily as his professional avocations will allow him to prepare for the press, the ample and interesting materials with which he is to be furnished, together with those which he himself has accumulated, during a long and confidential intercourse with Dr Jenner, and many of his most intimate friends.

The following particulars of his sudden decease are extracted from the letter of a medical gentleman to an old and sorrowing friend of the deceased:

"The doctor not appearing at the breakfast-table about the usual time,

on Saturday the 25th, his servant was sent to call him. He found the doctor lying on the floor in a severe fit of apoplexy. His nephew, who is of the medical profession, immediately bled him, and another relative rode to Gloucester to fetch Dr Baron, known to be a physician of the first character, and author of Tuberculous Diseases, and other works. Dr B., accompanied by Mr Shrapnell, surgeon of the South Gloucester militia, hastened to Berkeley. They found the symptoms most formidable, and every effort which skill could suggest was employed in vain. The patient continued in a state of total insensibility till about two o'clock on Sunday morning, when he expired, in his 74th year."

He has left a son, Robert Fitzharding Jenner, a captain in the South Glocester militia, magistrate, M. A.of Exeter College, Oxford, &c.; and a daughter, Catherine, wife of John Yeend Bedford, Esq. solicitor, of Birmingham, son of William Bedford, Esq. F. S. A. of Emhurst, near Bath.

The remains of Dr Jenner were deposited in the chancel of the parish church of Berkeley, on February 3d. The concourse of persons was immense; the indications of respect, reverence, and regret, were unequivocally conspicuous; every eye was moistened, and every heart oppressed. The following epitaph is to be placed on the tomb:

"Within this tomb hath found a resting place,

The great physician of the human raceImmortal Jenner! whose gigantic mind Brought life and health to more than half

DR HUTTON.

Jan. 27.-Charles Hutton, LL.D. and F.R.S. of London and Edinburgh, also an honorary member of several other learned societies, both in Europe and America, was born at Newcastleupon-Tyne, on the 14th of August, 1737. He was descended from a family in Westmoreland, which had the honour of becoming connected, by marriage, with that of Sir Isaac Newton. His father, who was a viewer or superintendant of mines, gave his children such education as his circumstances would permit, which was confined to the ordinary branches; but Charles, the youngest of his sons, (the subject of this memoir,) early manifested an extraordinary predilection for mathematical studies, in which he made considerable progress, while yet at school, with very little aid from his master; for, like most other eminent mathematicians, he was in a great measure selftaught. After the death of his parents, which took place in his early youth, he determined on undertaking the profession of a teacher, and commenced his labours at the neighbouring village of Jesmond, before he was twenty years of age; his master, who was a clergyman, having, upon being presented to a living, resigned the school in his favour.

In the year 1760, Dr Hutton removed to Newcastle, where he soon experienced great encouragement; and, among his earliest pupils, was the present Lord Chancellor. We here call him Doctor prematurely, he not having received the diploma of LL.D. until the year 1779, when that honour was conferred upon him by the University of Edinburgh; but, as it is the title by which he is best known in the scientific world, we thus early adopt it.

It appears, that neither the duties of his profession, nor the cares of an increasing family, interrupted his fa vourite studies, as he devoted all his leisure hours to mathematical pursuits. In 1764 he published "A Treatise on Arithmetic and Book-keeping," which soon passed through numerous editions, and is still held in high estimation. His next publication was "A Treatise on Mensuration, both in theory and practice," and is considered the most complete work on the subject ever published. It established his reputa tion as a mathematician, although numerous proofs of his superior talents and acquirements had been already manifested, by his able solutions of mathematical questions in various scientific journals. Among these repositories, the celebrated Almanack, under the title of the Ladies' Diary, particularly attracted his attention. This work had been conducted with great ability, from its commencement in 1704; numerous learned correspondents contributing, annually, curious mathematical questions, and answers, with enigmas, &c. Dr Hutton collected the Diaries of fifty years, and republished their questions and solutions, in five volumes, with notes and illustrations, which form a very useful and interesting miscellany. He some time afterwards became the editor of the Diary, and conducted it for nearly half a century, with such ability and judgment, as greatly to increase the number of eminent mathematicians, and to enlarge the boundaries of useful science, Dr Hutton's office of editor of this work, also afforded him an opportunity of procuring biographical notices of the most eminent of his correspondents; with which he afterwards enriched his Mathematical Dictionary, and his abridgment of the Philosophical Transactions.

In 1773, the situation of Mathematical Professor to the Royal Military

Academy at Woolwich having become vacant, numerous gentlemen of the first eminence in science applied for the appointment; and, among the number, Dr Hutton presented himself as a candidate. The office was in the gift of the Master-General of the Ordnance, and the strongest interest was made by various noblemen and gentlemen for their respective friends; but, to the honour of the then Master-General, Lord Viscount Townshend, nothing but superior qualifications were allowed to avail. His lordship gave public notice, that merit alone should decide the preference, which must be determined by a strict and impartial examination. With this view, four eminent mathematicians were selected as examiners on the occasion, viz. Dr Horsley, afterwards Bishop of Rochester, Dr Maskelyne, the Astronomer Royal, Colonel Watson, the chief engineer to the East India Company, and the celebrated Mr Landen.

Nothing could be more strictly impartial than the examination. The candidates were eight in number, and each was separately examined, not only in the principles, but in the history of mathematics. Several abstruse problems were afterwards given for solution; and, when the answers were received, the report of the examiners expressed high approbation of all the candidates, but gave a decided preference in favour of Dr Hutton. This was, indeed, an unequivocal test of superior merit. The judicious determination of the Master-General, by conferring the appointment on Dr H., was in a short time found to be most advantageous to the Institution. It is, indeed, well known, that Dr Hutton raised the Royal Military Academy, from a state of comparative inferiority, to the highest degree of celebrity and national importance. To his steady and persevering conduct for thirty-five

years, and his improvements in military science, his country is essentially indebted, for the success of the British artillery and engineers in all parts of the world, during the last half century.

His removal from Newcastle to so distinguished a situation near the metropolis, and his election, soon after, as a fellow of the Royal Society, gave him new opportunities for the advancement and diffusion of the most useful knowledge; for, it should be observed, that, at all times, his attention was particularly directed to those branches of the mathematics which are most conducive to the practical purposes of life. In a short time, he became an important contributor to the Philosophical Transactions, which, from the specimens he gave, it is probable he would have enriched more than any other member either ancient or modern, had not a stop been put to his valuable labours by unfortunate dissensions in the Royal Society, which nearly gave a death-blow to that excellent institution.

When Dr Hutton first entered the Society, Sir John Pringle was the President. He was a person of great acquirements, and eminently well-qualified to fill the chair of Newton. He always manifested a particular regard for the Doctor, which probably excited the jealousy of many persons, who were not attached to mathematical investigations; among the members of this description, was Mr (afterwards Sir Joseph) Banks, who obtained his election as President, upon the resignation of Sir John Pringle. Dr H. had for some time held the office of Foreign Secretary with the greatest credit; but the new President procured a vote to be passed by the Society, that it was requisite this secretary should reside constantly in London; a condition with which the Doc

tor could not possibly comply; and he therefore resigned the situation. Many of the most valuable members of the Society, however, warmly espoused Dr H.'s cause, and discontinued their accustomed attendance at the usual periodical meetings; among the number may be mentioned Dr Horsley, Dr Maskelyne, Baron Maseres, and many other distinguished characters; who, finding that the disciples of Newton were always out voted by those of Linnæus, retired, with Dr Hutton, from the Society.

Although Dr Hutton's retirement deprived him of the great stimulus to exertion which such a Society must have afforded, he still continued to give to the world, from time to time, various valuable works. In 1785 he published his "Mathematical Tables," containing common, hyperbolic, and logistic logarithms; also sines, both natural and logarithmic; with several other tables used in mathematical calculations; to which is prefixed, a large and original history of the discoveries and writings relating to those sciences. In 1786 appeared his "Tracts on Mathematical and Philosophical Subjects," in three volumes, which contain much new and valuable matter. They were reprinted in 1812. In 1787 "The Compendious Measurer" was published; which is chiefly an abridg. ment of his large work on mensuration. In the following year he published his Elements of Conic Sections," with select exercises in various branches of mathematics and philosophy, for the use of the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. This work was warmly patronized by the Duke of Richmond, then Master-General of the Ordnance, who, on that occasion, presented Dr H. at court to his Majesty.

In 1795 appeared his "Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary," in two large volumes, quarto, which was

the result of many years' preparation, and has since advanced to a second edi tion. It has supplied all subsequent works of the kind, and even the most voluminous Cyclopædias, with valuable materials, both in the sciences, and in scientific biography.

His next publication was "A Course of Mathematics," in two volumes octavo, composed for the use of the students of the Royal Military Academy; which has since become a standard work in all eminent schools, both in Great Britain and America. It has passed through numerous editions; and in 1811 a third volume was added, which is said to have been pre pared nearly in equal portions by Dr Hutton, and his esteemed friend, Dr Olinthus Gregory, now Professor of Mathematics in the Royal Military Academy.

In the year 1803, he undertook the arduous task of abridging the "Philosophical Transactions," in conjunc tion with Dr Pearson and Dr Shaw, Dr Hutton is said to have executed the chief part of the work, and to have received for his labour no less a sum than six thousand pounds. It was completed in 1809, and the whole comprised in eighteen quarto volumes About the same period was published his translation of Montucla's Re creations in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy;" and an improved edition of the same work appeared in 1814

as soon

In 1806 the Doctor became afflict ed with a pulmonary complaint, which confined him for several weeks; but in the following year he resumed his pro fessional duties. His medical friends, however, advised him to retire from the labours of the Academy, as it might be deemed convenient; and, in consequence of an application to this effect, the Master-General and Board of Ordnance acceded to his wishes, and manifested their approba tion of his long and meritorious ser