always been hailed with sympathy and gratification at Yale;— and, in a similar spirit, the graduates of Yale feel that the successes of their own alma mater will be regarded elsewhere with the generous sympathy which has ever characterized American scholars.

One of the most cherished of the many traditions at Yale is that she is herself the Mother of Colleges. The successes and triumphs of her children are therefore fresh incentives to redoubled industry to those who remain on her "campus."

We propose to speak from month to month of what is doing in the different departments of the University. At present, we shall call attention only to the graduate department—or what, properly speaking, is the University-which is so rapidly growing in importance. We shall confine ourselves also, at the present time, to what is doing in the way of advanced instruction in Philosophy.

THE STUDY OF PHILOSOPHY AT YALE
UNIVERSITY.

Five years ago there was really no organized graduate instruction given in the Department of Philosophy. There were, it is true, several advanced courses in Philosophy presented by Dr. Porter and Prof. Ladd, but they were specially designed to meet the wants of students in the Divinity School, and were almost altogether sustained by them. Since that time, however, there has been a marked change. The number of courses has been greatly increased, and quite a large body of non-professional graduates are now pursuing these courses. There is an increasing interest and real enthusiasm for the work manifested by all in attendance. A brief presentation of the various courses offered by the Department for the years 1888-89, 1889-90 will furnish a

pretty definite idea of the advance made upon the past, the oppor

tunities of the present, and the promises involved for the future. Last year Dr. Porter presented three courses:

1. Philosophy; Ethics.-This course included the consideration of special questions involved in the theory of cognition; also a discussion of ethical theories; and the relations of Ethics to Political Science.

2. Ethics and Philosophy.-This course included an historical survey and criticism of the various theories of ethics from Hobbes to Leslie Stephen, The work of the class was based on Marti

neau's "Types of Ethical Theory." This course was followed by a consideration of Philosophy in its relations to Theism, based upon Martineau's "Study of Religion."

3. This course embraced a study of British Philosophy, beginning with Berkeley.

These courses of Dr. Porter were found by the students to be very interesting and helpful. His profound interest in the problems discussed, his thorough familiarity with Philosophy and Ethics, his excellent judgment and acute criticisms, make a course in Philosophy and Ethics under him eminently desirable. In addition to these courses of Dr. Porter, there were five courses presented by Prof. Ladd:

1. Psychology and Metaphysics.-This course is quite comprehensive, covering two years, and including lectures on Psychology; the Theory of Knowledge; Metaphysics; and the Philosophy of Religion. It is largely attended by both Graduate and Divinity students.

2. Philosophy. In this course, Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, his Critique of Practical Reason, and his Metaphysic of Ethics were critically read. The class consisted of about thirty, mostly non-professional and special students. There was probably nowhere else so large a class of advanced students making a thorough and critical study of Kant's Philosophy. It was one of the most valuable courses in the Department. Four of that class are this year teaching Philosophy in other institutions.

3. Philosophy. This course included the study of Hegel's Philosophy of History, and his Logic. It was intended for the most advanced students, especially such as were preparing themselves for teaching.

4. Physiological Psychology.-The comparatively recent origin of this line of investigation, and Prof. Ladd's thorough familiarity with the subject, as seen in his work recently published, made this course very attractive.

5. Philosophical Anthropology.—A study of Lotze's Microcosmus. This course proved to be especially helpful to beginners. In addition to the above courses, those of Professor Harris, of the Divinity School, on the Philosophical Basis of Theism, and the Self-Revelation of God, and the courses of Professor Russell, in the Philosophy of Religion, were open to graduate students. Mr. Duncan's undergraduate courses in Advanced Logic, and the History of Modern Philosophy, were also open to them. Mr.

Nakashima's course in British Philosophy, preparatory to the study of Kant, completed the number of courses offered to graduate students for 1888-1889.

This year considerable changes have been made. Dr. Porter has substituted, for the first course of last year, a study of the works of Prof. Thomas H. Green. It includes Green's Criticism of the systems of Locke, Berkeley, and Hume; also criticisms of more recent philosophers. Dr. Porter has also enlarged his second course in Ethics. Prof. Ladd is finishing the second year's work of his first course, devoting his attention specially to the Philosophy of Religion. He has also substituted for his course in Kant's Philosophy, a course in Hartmann's "Philosophy of the Unconscious," followed by the reading of Janet's "Final Causes." For the course in Hegel's Philosophy he has substituted a course in Lotze's Larger Logic and Metaphysic, with special reference to a careful study of the theory of cognition. His other two courses remain the same. There are no changes in the courses presented by Prof. Harris and Mr. Duncan. For Mr. Nakashima's course in British Philosophy, a course on the "Rise and Development of the Scottish Philosophy," by Mr. Sneath, has been substituted.

It will readily be seen by an examination of the above courses what a satisfactory advance Yale has made within the last few years in the Department of Philosophy. It certainly must be gratifying to the friends of Yale to note this marked improvement, and still more gratifying to students in this country who desire to specialize in this department of study. The above courses were largely attended and the exercises have been pursued with a great amount of interest on the part of instructors and students.

In concluding this account it may not be out of place to add that there are several features about the study of Philosophy at Yale deserving of attention.

1. The class of men under whose instruction the students labor. The instructors are men of undoubted ability and wide reputation for scholarship. There is doubtless no man in the country more favorably known in philosophical circles than ex-President Porter. His contributions to philosophical literature have been many and valuable; prominent among which are: "The Human Intellect," "Philosophy in Great Britain and America" in Ueberweg's History of Philosophy, " Elements of Intellectual Science," "Elements of Moral Science," etc. Dr. Porter was never more deeply inter

ested in philosophical discussion than now, and it is felt by the students to be an inspiration to come into contact with such a personality. Professor Ladd's ability and scholarship are recognized by every one who has been under his instruction and who is acquainted with his publications. The publication of his "Elements of Physiological Psychology" added greatly, and deservedly, to his reputation for ability and scholarship. He has also translated and edited the series of "Outlines" of Lotze's Philosophy. He is an exceedingly industrious worker and an ideal instructor in graduate work. His industry is an incentive to his students, and his class-room methods are such as to make his courses very interesting and profitable.

Prof. Harris, whose classes as mentioned above are open to graduate instruction, is also well known for his two volumes on "The Philosophical Basis of Theism" and the "Self-Revelation of God." Students who have been under his instruction testify to his power as a teacher. His clearness of thought and power of expression make him unusually helpful to the student.

2. The second feature to be noted is the character of the courses of instruction. The above outline speaks for itself. The fact that the program is not a stereotyped one-confined to a study of the same systems every year-but rather composed of alternating courses, makes it possible for the student to cover somewhat extended ground during the time spent in working for a degree.

3. Another feature which is worthy of notice is the spirit and methods of instruction and study in the Department. The spirit is certainly the truly philosophic spirit. It is opposed to dogmatism, and is characterized by a most sincere desire to find the truth. To this end the utmost freedom of discussion is not only tolerated but encouraged. As to the methods of instruction and study, they vary with the nature of the work pursued. Lectures, accompanied by collateral reading, discussions, expository and critical papers by the students, text-book exercises, etc., all find their place. Independent work along special lines is greatly encouraged, and, in fact, is demanded of a candidate for a degree. Another valuable feature which may be mentioned in connection with the above is the advantages accruing to the student from his intercourse with instructors outside of the class-room. They are all very approachable and perfectly willing to advise with students doing work under them-not only with regard to their

work in the course, but in regard to any special line of work which the student may be pursuing independently.

4. Still another very important feature of the study of Philosophy at Yale is the class of students with whom one comes in contact. They represent different colleges and different countries. The men from different colleges frequently represent a system of Philosophy to the merits of which they have been specially introduced. Those from different countries throw light upon the tendencies of philosophic thought in the countries they represent. Those from Japan-of whom there are several-give interesting information in regard to the philosophical basis of the oriental religions.

But not only are different colleges and countries thus represented, but also various departments of study. There are students of Divinity, of Physical Science, of Literature; and the bearings of Philosophy on these branches of study are discussed to great advantage. All of this tends greatly to increase the interest of the classes. There is also an earnestness and spirit of work among the students which prove an inspiration to one who is laboring in this Department.

Another feature which may be mentioned is the existence of a Philosophical Club, which meets once every two weeks. At these meetings, a philosophical paper is read by one of the professors or one of the students. Sometimes a representative of some other college or university is invited to address the club. The paper which is read is afterwards discussed.

The Department is constantly growing. The number of courses. is to be enlarged next year, and there is a prospect of an attendance larger than ever.

THE NEW WAY OF ADVANCING THE INTERESTS OF AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES PROPOSED BY THE YALE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY, CONNECTICUT.

The life spent in common, for four and often for seven years, by the young men in our American Universities and Colleges, while they are pursuing during all that time the most ennobling studies, attaches them to one another and to their alma mater with an affection which we will not undertake to measure or to describe. There certainly is no greater privilege that it is possible to place within the reach of a young man of generous im