sonal liberty. Its high Calvinism put iron into the blood, and by making men stern of heart fitted them to do a stern work. Its strong doctrines called into exercise the intellectual powers, thereby producing a race of theological giants. As a providential witness of the divine guiding hand in the church it is beyond all price; but when made binding upon men through all coming time it is evidently put to a wrong use. Not much longer can it remain a snare to conscience. Not much longer can it put a foreclosure upon free and independent thought. In the words of Dr. George Gilfillan: "These ancient documents to which the church still clings have worthily served their day. They were landmarks of progress and beacons of light in the age when they were first produced. But now they are anachronisms and ruins. They are full of crannies and crevices through which you hear the wind whistling, with a sound half melancholy and half scornful.”

For several centuries the church did well enough without a creed of any kind; but now we are told that creeds have become a sine qua non. This may well be doubted. But if creeds we must have, let them be held subject to future modification and change. Has theology made no advancement in the last 246 years since the famous Westminster Assembly was called together by the Long Parliament to form an ecclesiastical polity and doctrinal standard for the British Isles? Has light been shed upon every subject during these intervening years except upon the subject of religon? Are the doctrinal formulas of the seventeenth century fit exponents of the thought of the nineteenth century?

It is sometimes urged that this is not a creed-making age. The marks by which a creed-making age may be distinguished are not easily defined, but the present age is without doubt more favorable to calm, critical, scientific thought than the stormy unsettled ages in which the leading creeds of Christendom were born. The smoke of many a fierce polemical battle has at length cleared away, and many things which were at one time but dimly discerned now stand out in sharp outline.

It is cause for the profoundest gratitude that signs abound of an approaching religious spring-tide which shall cause the most conservative churches to blossom out into a new creed.

Doctrines which are mere withered leaves hanging to the venerable tree of a historic past are being pushed off by the swelling buds of a new evangelical, biblical theology-a theology which, when it comes to maturity, will be neither Calvinistic nor Arminian, but will set forth the great cardinal truths common to both systems-a theology which, while embracing all the essentials of Christian faith, will emphasize not the doctrines which divide, but the doctrines which unite a theology which will be not so much a protest against heresies past or present as a noble testimony on behalf of the eternal truth-a theology short and simple in form rather than prolix and cumbersome, irenic in spirit rather than polemical; in fine, biblical rather than scholastic-a theology which, while not too elastic and indefinite to be useless as a symbol of faith, will form a broad, Catholic platform upon which a dismembered Christen dom may again be reunited.

JAMES M. CAMPBELL.

UNIVERSITY TOPICS.

CLASSICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF YALE COLLEGE.

Nov. 26, 1889.-Professor Goodell presented a communication on Greek Equivalents for 'must, ought' and 'should.' The paper was devoted mainly to a study of the usage of xp and Sε in the period from Homer to Plato, showing that, while the range of the two is almost exactly equal if we take the entire period together, yet in any single author the range of the two is far from identical. In Homer xp covers the entire field of must, ought, should, is necessary, behooves, is fitting, there is need, and the like; while de occurs but twice in all and only once in this form, and with the meaning there is need. This is clearly the primary force of the word, a force which it never lost. In Pindar the relation of the two words is little changed, dei appearing but once, but xp nowhere takes the genitive, as was often the case in Homer. In Eschylus dei is half as frequent as xp, and has begun to crowd out xp in the sense of there is need, must, while Xp has taken on the non-Homeric sense is fated. In Sophocles both words are more frequent; the ratio between them is about the same, but dɛ7 has encroached still further upon xp, being now used occasionally of moral obligation, and once in the sense it is fated. Aristophanes, so far as examined, agrees pretty well with Sophocles. In Thucydides dɛ7 is as frequent as Xon, and several peculiar usages were discussed. In the portions of Lysias examined, dɛ7 has gained still more; in the Protagoras of Plato the ratio of dɛĩ to xpý is that of five to three; while in Xenophon's Memorabilia the ratio is nearly three to one. In the last named work, however, the question of interpolation complicates the matter, and it is noticeable that several suspected chapters use dεi almost exclusively,-another bit of evidence for their later origin. Thus we find the territory of xpn gradually contract as that of dei extends. The tendency of xpn to become restricted to the sense of ought and should is marked, though the restriction is never complete; while det absorbs one function of xp after another, until it is the common, but not exclusive, way of expressing simple necessity, and in certain forms has encroached largely even on the ought territory of xp, although other forms never do so. It is proposed to extend the investigation.

YALE UNIVERSITY BULLETIN.

No. 102.-WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER 9, 1889.

Sunday, November 3.- Public Worship, Followed by Communion Service-Battell Chapel, 10.30 A. M. Rev. President Dwight. General Religious Meeting-Dwight Hall, 6.30 P. M. Address by Prof. Hadley. Tuesday, November 5.-Philosophical Club-Paper by Professor Ladd, on the sources of Philosophy. Room D, East Divinity Hall, 8 P. M.

Wednesday, November 6.-Philosophy of Religion—(University Lecture)-Professor Ladd. 194 Old Chapel, 4 P. M. Psalms (University Lecture)-Professor Harper. 194 Old Chapel, 5.05 P. M. Class Prayer Meetings-Dwight Hall, 6.40 P. M.

Thursday, November 7.-Preservation of Health-(Lecture to the Divinity school)-Leonard J. Sanford, M.D. Room B, East Divinity Hall, 2 P. M. Reading from Molière-(Le bourgeois gentilhomme) -M. Bergeron, 197 Old Chapel, 7 P.M. (Open to all students.)

Friday, November 8.-Berkeley Association-(Evening Prayer)-Room 93, Dwight Hall, 6.45 P. M.

The Scott Prize in German, Yale College.-The subject of the Scott Prize Examination in German for the present year is Goethe's Herman und Dorothea, with special reference to Lessing's Laokoon. This examination is open to members of the Senior Class, and will be held on Monday, May 19, 1890.

Further information in regard to the nature of the work may be obtained from Mr. Goodrich.

No. 103.-WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER 16, 1889.

Sunday, November 10.-Public Worship-Battell Chapel, 10.30 A. M. Rev. Professor Ladd. General Religious Meeting-Dwight Hall, 6.30 P. M. Address by Professor Adams.

Monday, November 11.-History of Economic Science-1. English Economics at the beginning of the present century. (University Lecture) Professor Hadley. 194 Old Chapel 5 P. M. Greek Readings (the Medea of Euripides)--Professor Reynolds. 195 Old Chapel, 6.45 P. M. Wednesday, November 13.—Philosophy of Religion (University Lecture)-Professor Ladd. 194 Old Chapel, 4 P. M. Psalms (University Lecture)-Professor Harper. 194 Old Chapel, 5.05 P. M. Class Prayer Meetings-Dwight Hall, 6.40 PM

Thursday, November 14.-Preservation of Health (Lecture to the Divinity School)—Leonard J. Sanford, M.D. Room B, East Divinity Hall, 2 P. M. College Faculty Meeting-7 Treasury Building, 4 P. M. Readings from Molière (Le bourgeois gentilhomme, part 2), and Sketch

of Moliére's Life-M. Bergeron. 197 Old Chapel, 7 P. M. (Open to all students.)

Friday, November 15.-The Grammar of Art-Professor Weir. Art School, 3 P. M. Berkeley Association (Evening Prayer) — Room 93 Dwight Hall, 6.45 P. M. Political Economy Club-Mr. H. McCauley, on Some Curious Indian Customs. 195 Old Chapel, 7.30 P. M.

Lectures in the School of the fine Arts.-A course of lectures on the Principles and Means of Art will be given in the Art School, by Professor Weir, on Friday afternoons at 3 o'clock during the rest of the term. Members of the Senior Classes in the various Departments of the University are invited to be present.

Lectures on Economic Science-Professor Hadley will give a course of lectures on the History of Economic Science, Monday at 5 P. M., in Room 194 Old Chapel. The lectures will continue through the remainder of the present term.

No. 104.-WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER 23, 1889.

Sunday, November 17.-Public Worship-Battell Chapel, 10.30 a. M. Rev. Joseph H. Twichell, of Hartford. General Religious Meeting— Dwight Hall, 6.30 P. M. Address by the Rev. Mr. Twichell.

Monday, November 18.-History of Economic Science-II. The Criticism of the Socialists. (University Lecture)-Professor Hadley, 194 Old Chapel, 5. P. M. Greek Readings (the Medea of Euripides) -- Professor Reynolds. 195 Old Chapel, 6.45 P. M. Dwight Hall Lecture Course-Rev. A. F. Schauffler, D.D., of New York City, on What I saw in the East End of London. Dwight Hall, 6.45 P. M. Philosophical Club-Paper by Professor Stevens, on Reason as a Basis for Theistic Belief. Room D, East Divinity Hall, 8 P. M.

Wednesday, November 20.-Philosophy of Religion (University Lecture)-Professor Ladd. 194 Old Chapel, 4 P. M. Psalms (University Lecture)—Professor Harper. 194 Old Chapel, 5.05 P. M. Class Prayer Meetings-Dwight Hall, 6.40 P. M.

Thursday November 21.-Readings from Racine (Britannicus), and Sketch of Racine and his Times-M. Bergeron. 197 Old Chapel, 7 P. M. (Open to all students.)

Friday, November 22.-The Grammar of Art-Professor Weir. Art School, 3 P. M. Berkeley Association (Evening Prayer)-Room 93, Dwight Hall, 6.45 P. M.

University Chamber Concerts-Third Season.-A series of Chamber Concerts will be given in North Sheffield Hall during the Winter of 1889-90. The music will be of the same order as during the last two seasons. Efforts will be made to secure the Kneisel Quartette of Boston and the Beethoven Quartette of New York, besides a piano recital. Six concerts are expected, but the number of concerts will depend on the number of subscribers.

Tickets to the Course may be secured by present or past members of the University, at the University Treasury or at the Yale Co-operative Store. Tickets for the Course, $2.00. Only 375 tickets will be issued,