IV. Common Division may be performed more concisely, by omitting the several products, and setting down only the remainders; namely, multiply the divisor by the quotient figures as before, and without setting down the product, subtract each figure of it from the dividend, as it is produced; always remembering to carry as many to the next figure as were borrowed before. REDUCTION is the changing of numbers from one name or denomination to another without altering their value.This is chiefly concerned in reducing money, weights, and measures. When the numbers are to be reduced from a higher name to a lower, it is called Reduction Descending; but when, contrarywise, from a lower name to a higher, it is Reduction Ascending. Before proceeding to the rules and questions of Reduction, it will be proper to set down the usual Tables of Money, weights, and measures, which are as follow: Of MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. £ denotes pounds, & shillings, and d denotes pence. The The standard for Federal Money of Gold and Silver is 11 parts fine, and 1 part alloy. A Dollar is equal to 4s and 8d in South Carolina, to 6s in the New-England States and Virginia, to 7s and 6d in NewJersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, and to 8s in New-York, and North-Carolina. TROY The full weight and value of the English gold and silver coin, is as The usual value of gold is nearly 47 an ounce, or 2d a grain; and that of silver is nearly 5s an ounce, Also the value of any quantity of gd, is to the value of the same weight of standard silver, nearly as 15 to 1, or more nearly as 15 and 1-14th to 1. Pure gold, free from mixture with other metals, usually called fine gold is of so pure a nature, that it will endure the fire without TROY WEIGHT.” Grains marked gr gr 02 24 Grains make 1 Pennyweight dat 20 Pennyweights 1 Ounce 12 Ounces 1 Pound dwt 24= 1 02 480= 20= 1 lb lb 5760 240=12=1 By this weight are weighed Gold, Silver, and Jewels. This is the same as Troy weight, only having some different divisions. Apothecaries make use of this weight in compounding their Medicines; but they buy and sell their Drugs by Avoirdupois weight. AVOIR without wasting, though it be kept continually melted. But silver, not having the purity of gold, will not endure the fire like it; yet fine silver will waste but a very little by being in the fire any moderate time; whereas copper, tin, lead, &c. will not only waste, but may be calcined, or burnt to a powder. Both gold and silver, in their purity, are so very soft and flexible (like new lead, &c), that they are not so useful, either in coin or otherwise (except to beat into leaf gold or silver), as when they are allayed, or mixed and hardened with copper or brass. And though most nations differ, more or less, in the quantity of such allay, as well as in the same place at different times, yet in England the standard for gold and silver coin has been for a long time as follows-viz. That 22 parts of fine gold, and 2 parts of copper, being melted together, shall be esteemed the true standard for gold coin: And that 11 ounces and 2 pennyweights of fine silver, and 18 pennyweights of copper, being melted together, is esteemed the true standard for silver coin, called Sterling silver. The original of all weights used in England, was a grain or corn of wheat, gathered out of the middle of the ear, and, being well dried, 32 of them were to make one pennyweight, 20 penny weights 57344035840 = 2240 = 80 = 20 = 1 By this weight are weighed all things of a coarse or drossy nature, as Corn, Bread, Butter, Cheese, Flesh, Grocery Wares, and some Liquids; also all Metals, except Silver and Gold. oz dwt gr Note, that 1lb Avoirdupois 14 11 15 Troy. 1oz = = 0 18 51 = 0 1 3 Hence it appears that the pound Avoirdupois contains 6999! grains, and the pound Troy 5760; the former of which augmented by half a grain becomes 7000, and its ratio to the latter is therefore very nearly as 700 to 576, that is, as 175 to 144; consequently 144 pounds Avoirdupois are very nearly equal to 175 pounds Troy and hence we infer that the ounce Avoirdupois is to the ounce Troy as 175 to 192. : weights one ounce, and 12 ounces one pound. But in latter times, it was thought sufficient to divide the same pennyweight into 24 equal parts, still called grains, being the least weight now in common use; and from thence the rest are computed, as in the Tables above. By this measure, Land, and Husbandmen and Gardeners' work are measured; also Artificers' work, such as Board, Glass, Pavements, Plastering, Wainscoting, Tiling, Flooring, and every dimension of length and breadth only. When three dimensions are concerned, namely, length, breadth, and depth or thickness, it is called cubic or solid measure, which is used to measure Timber, Stone, &c. The cubic, or solid Foot, which is 12 inches in length and breadth and thickness, contains 1728 cubic or solid inches, and 27 solid feet make one solid yard. DRY |