The Extent and Boundaries.] Turkey-using the word in its widest sense, but excluding the African States,-is bounded on the N. by Austria and Russia; on the E. by Persia; on the S. by Arabia and the Mediterranean; and on the W. by the Gulf of Venice, and by part of Austria. It extends between 28° and 49° N. lat. and between 17° and 45° E. long. breadth of the empire, under this view, from N. to S. is 1,260 geographical miles; and its length from W. to E., taking 40° as a medial latitude, is 1,288 geographical miles. These, however, are its extreme dimensions; as the figure of the empire is extremely irregular, it is almost impossible to determine what its medial extent may be. Gräberg has estimated the superficial extent of the whole empire as follows: European dominions, Asiatic, African, 206,707 English square miles. 542,700 291,600 Total, 1,041,007 Stein and Lichtenstern calculate the total superficies of the empire thus: The Ottoman empire in Europe, excluding Moldavia and Bessarabia, Asiatic dominions, African, 207,562 English square miles. 545,895 197,887 Total, 951,344 Hassel has calculated the superficial extent of European Turkey, according to the maps of Reichard and Riedt at 189,925 English square miles, which that eminent geographer considers in accordance with Arrowsmith and Lapie's maps. Pinkerton makes the total extent of European Turkey, including Greece and the Morea, 182,560 square miles; Balbi distributes it thus: The government of Rumelia, 107,575 English square miles. Wallachia, Moldavia, Kapudan Pacha, 18,890 16,589 4,235 25,231 17,400 Total, 189,920 In the Supplement to the Encyclopædia Britannica the total extent of European Turkey is estimated at 180,074 English square miles.1 To the above general statement, we shall bere add the extent and boundaries of that portion of European Turkey, to which the name Greece is generally applied. Greece, in its most extensive sense, as including Albania and Macedonia, is bounded on the N. by a chain of mountains anciently called Rhodope, Scomius, and Orbelus, which separate it from Servia and Bulgaria; on the W. by the Adriatic and Ionian seas; on the S. by the Mediterranean; and on the E. by the Egean or Archipelago. As it is washed by the sea on all sides but the N., where it is connected with the provinces mentioned above, it may be justly termed a peninsula, of which the Peloponnesus or Morea, connected with it by the Isthmus of Corinth, forms the southern part. Its utmost extent from N. to S., or from the Scardian mountains to the promontory of Tænarus now Cape Matapan, the southernmost point of the Morea, is 6o 30-namely, from 42° 40′ N. lat. to 36" 10', or 450 English miles. From E. to W., or from the mouth of the ancient Strymon or the modern Karasu, in 23° 48′ E. long. to that of the Drinus or Drino, in 19° 45′ E. long. is 6° 3 or 183 geographical miles, or 213 English miles. But if we extend the eastern boundary to the mouth of the river Nestus or Nesto, opposite the isle of Thasos, in 24° 40′ E. long. 52 geographical, or 60 English miles must be added; so that its whole breadth on its northern frontier will be 273 English miles. The breadth is however very unequal; between the gulfs of Salonichi and Valona, it is considerably narrower; and between those of Arta and Zeiton, the width does not exceed 100 English miles. Divisions. It seems inexpedient to adhere to the arbitrary political divisions established by the Turks in an account of the provinces which constitute European Turkey. These divisions are seldom recognized by travellers, and are ill-adapted for conveying either popular or geographical information regarding this country; we shall therefore merely subjoin a table of them, according to Hadgi-Khalfa and Hezarfen, two native-geographers, and in the topography we shall retain the old natural divisions of the country. Those Sandshaks which will probably form emancipated Greece are here printed in Italics. Sandshaks, I. EJALET RUMILI, or the country of the Romans. The city of Constantinople, In Thrace. The city of Adrianople, 1. Visa, 2. Kirkkilissa, 3. Silistria, 4. Rudshuk, 5. Widin, 6. Sophia, 7. Tchirmene, 8. Giuistendil, Idem. Idem, eastern part. In Bulgaria, part of Lower Mosia. Idem, western part, or Upper Mœsia. Northern Thrace. Macedonia, N.E. part. Idem, N.W. part. Idem, central part. Part of Thessaly. Peloponnesus, centre N. and E. Forming the Ejalet Laconia and Messenia, Morah, or country 14. Joanina, includ. Karli-ili, Epirus, with western Etolia and Acarnania. Within the limits stated above, including the tract between the Strymon and the Nestus, and the island of Euboea or the modern Negropont, but exclusive of all its other islands, Greece contains an area of 57,750 English miles. If to these be added 1,000 square miles for the Cyclades, the sum total will be 58,750 English miles, which is almost exactly the area of England, or double that of Scotland, with its dependent isles. The area of Greece, as including Attica, Euboea, Boeotia, Phocis, Doris, Etolia, Acarnania, Thessaly, and Magnesia, measured on D'Anville's map-which is pronounced by Sir William Gell, a very competent judge, to be the most acccurate of any that have been constructed since-comprehends 14,800 English square miles. Peloponnesus or the Morea, which included seven distinct political States, has an area of 8,950 such miles. Epirus and Albania, including the basin of the Drino, occupy a surface of 16,000 English square miles. Macedonia 18,000 square miles, and the Cyclades 1,000. Total 58,750. During the period of Grecian independence, however, all these territories were never united into one political body, nor formed one consolidated government, nor was ever their combined force directed to the prosecution of one common object. Those communities, whose brilliant achievements in war, philosophy, or arts, raised the Grecian name so high, possessed but very small portions of territory, as will be seen from the following table measured on D'Anville's map: - Attica, including Megara and Salamis, but not Eubœa, Bootia, Laconia, (without Messenia,) Achaia, (the 12 cities with their territories,) 1,190 English square miles. 1,530 1,720 1,140 These States were generally equal in extent to our middle-sized English counties. None of them were so large as Perthshire in Scotland, or Devonshire in England; and the two counties of York and Lancashire, are nearly equal in extent to the whole seven States of the Peloponnesus. 22. Veldshterin, 23. Aladja-Hissar, 24. Semendra, 1. Traunik, Upper Servia, western part. Idem, eastern part. Idem, lower part. II. EJALET BOSNA, or the country of the Bosnians. 2. Banjaluka, 3. Srebernik, 4. Isvornik, 5. Novibazar, 6. Hersek, Bosnia, central part. Turkish Croatia. Bosnia, western part. Idem, N.E. part. Turkish Dalmatia. III. EJALET DSCHESAIR, or the country of the Isles. 6 Greece was children of First Epoch.] Two thousand years before the Christian era, inhabited by fierce and savage tribes,—the Autochthones, or the soil.' Our limits will not permit us to enter into any discussion or detail of the different opinions which have been advanced regarding the origin of these tribes. Inachus and Ogyges, about 1800 years B. C. conducted a colony of Egyptians into this country, and founded the States of Argos and Sicyon, whence they spread over the Peloponnesus towards the north; Cecrops, another Egyptian, followed with a second colony, and founded a State in Attica about 1550 B. C.; while Cadmus, a Phonician, settled in Boeotia about the same time. These two chiefs are said to have founded the cities of Athens and Thebes in their respective dominions. One century afterwards, Pelops, a Phrygian chief, settled himself at Argos; his descendants, having attained wide command in this country, gave it the name of Peloponnesus. These foreigners gradually amalgamated themselves with the original inhabitants of the land, to whom they imparted their arts and manners. The numerous small States into which Greece was thus early divided naturally sought to rival each other in power and prosperity. They were governed in most instances by kings, and had their own heroes, legislators, and poets. The first common enterprise in which the Greeks seem to have engaged was the expedition of the Argonauts to the coasts of the Black Sea, or the countries of Colchis and Mingrelia. The Trojan war probably took place about 1200 B. C. This famous league against Troy indicates the existence even in these early times of a certain community of feeling among the various tribes by which Greece was then peopled, and probably laid the foundation of that national spirit, and that conformity of language and character, which exalted Greece in after ages to the pre-eminent station she attained in the scale of nations. Republican Epoch.] The silence of history, or rather the fables with which its earliest records are usually filled, render very doubtful the greater part of those events of which the memory has only been preserved by tradition. After the destruction of Troy, the dissensions of the dominant families, and the endless quarrels of the Heraclides and Pelopidæ, became the fruitful source of long internal wars, during which Argos, Sparta, Messenia, and Corinth changed masters, the Achaians their name, and Elis was seized by the Eolians. Draco, and after him Solon, framed a code of laws for Athens, six centuries before the Christian era. Lycurgus also presented Sparta with the outlines of a military constitution, which quickly raised that State to a preponderancy in the Peloponnesus. Besides Athens and Sparta, several other republics existed in Greece, none of which, however, could be compared to them in power and influence; Corinth was enriched by commerce, and Thebes exalted to political consideration by her heroic generals, Pelopidas and Epaminondas. Greece at this period comprehended Arcadia, Argolis, Corinth, Sicyon, Achaia, and Elis, in the Peloponnesus; Hellas embraced Megaris, Boeotia, Phocis, Locris, Etolia, and Acarnania; and northern Greece, Thessaly and Epirus. The Greek islands were Corcyra a colony of Corinth, Egina, Eubœa, Crete, Cyprus, and the Cyclades. The Hellenes stretched themselves equally towards the east and west. On the coasts of the Mediterranean and of the Black Sea, on those of Thrace and of Asia Minor, on those of Italy and of Sicily, Greek colonies and establishments were founded. The colonies of Asia Minor extended from the Hellespont to the confines of Cilicia; enriched by commerce, they speedily became the seat of the fine arts and of the highest Grecian civilization. Those of Eolis were founded in 1124; those of Ionia in 1044 B.C. The colonies on the shores of the Propontis, the Black Sea, and the Palus Mæotis, were founded betwixt 800 and 600 B. C. Those of Athens and of Corinth, occupied the coasts of Thrace and Macedonia. Towards the west the Greek republicans founded the colonies of Crotona, Sybaris, Thuria, Locri, Epizephyria, Rhegium, Tarentum, Cumæ, Agrigentum, and Syracuse; and several in the islands of Sardinia and Corsica. Marseilles in Gaul, Saguntum on the coast of Spain, and Cyrene on the African coast, were established in the same epoch. Persian War.] The support given by the Athenians to their countrymen in Asia Minor, furnished Darius, king of Persia, with a pretext for attacking Greece; but the Persian fleet under Mardonius was wrecked against the promontory of Athos; and the Athenian general Miltiades defeated the invading army under Hippias at Marathon, 490 B. C. Themistocles and Aristides succeeded Miltiades in the direction of public affairs; the former made Athens a naval power,—the latter directed her counsels with unbending rectitude, and successful but ill-requited enterprise. Nine years after the signal defeat of Hippias, Xerxes, king of Persia, at the head of a countless host crossed the Hellespont, and directed his march, through Thessaly, upon Athens, with the view of exterminating the liberties of Greece; but Themistocles saved his country by annihilating the Persian navy at Salamis, and Leonidas with his devoted band of 300 Spartans taught the tyrant, at the Pass of Thermopylæ, what Greeks could dare and sacrifice in the cause of liberty. The lesson was repeated on the plains of Platea, where Mardonius beheld his barbarous hordes scattered like the chaff before the banded arms of Grecian freemen. The conquerors on this glorious field, Pausanias, his fellowpatriot Themistocles, Cimon the only son of the immortal Miltiades, and |