the sovereignty of Rome, and all the troubles which attended her decline. In 538, Marseilles and Arles, with the adjacent country, were ceded by the Goths to the Frank, who had now become master of almost all the provinces of Gaul, and was shortly afterwards recognized as sovereign by the Emperor of the East.

354. From this time she grew in industry and prosperity, and (590) had extended her commerce to all the eastern Mediterranean ports, introducing Oriental luxuries for the broad expanse of France, and, perhaps, such of them as were enjoyed by the regions further north.

355. Nor did her merchants sacrifice their traffic to the conflict of faiths. They traded largely with the Saracens, and the amicable relations established between Charlemagne and the illustrious Caliph Haroun Alraschid, facilitated and extended their commerce with Alexandria and the ports of the East. In that commerce Avignon and Lyons participated, and it was conveyed up the Rhone, and thence distributed through the Moselle and the Rhine.

356. CONSTANTINOPLE.-We must direct our attention for a moment towards the East. Constantinople still retained the name of schools, and some of the treasures of ancient knowledge, which they could not, or would not use. Her artisans were industrious, and fabricated the manufactures which the Venetians and Genoese exported to other lands.

357. THE CALIPHAT.-Literature and science, banished from Christendom, found a royal reception in the Moslem courts. Damascus, and Bagdad, and Bokhara were the seats of learning and taste; and while the Christian monarchs could hardly write their names, the princes of the Caliphat and Samarcand were studying astronomy and mathematics, and making catalogues of the stars. Central Asia and India were the regions of commerce, which they transmitted to the coasts of Syria, where the Phoenician spirit still survived, to the sumptuous Caffa and magnificent

Crim in the Black Sea, and in still greater abundance to Alexandria, which had again become the most flourishing harbour of the world.

358. SPAIN. The Phoenician and the Carthaginian founded the commerce of the Peninsula, and distributed wealth and civilization along the coast, from where it departs from Gaul in the south to where it rejoins her western bounds.

359. The history of her navigation during the dissolution of the Roman dominion is very obscure; but from the time when the Moslem emir planted his standard on the shore, an era of prosperity and glory began. The Arabian sciences illuminated her regions, while all beyond was dark. The Moslem temple stood beside the Christian shrine. The votaries of the two faiths, and the friendly Jew, pursued their devotions and their avocations in harmony. They fought in the same cause; their industry improved, their intelligence enriched the land. The regions of Granada and Andalusia beamed with comfort, and glowed with exuberant wealth. The ports were open to all nations of all faiths, and the wide spread of the Mohamedan empire facilitated the importation from India and the far East. These were the emporia of her own products, the cities were full of activity and manufactures, and cultivation overspread the land. Before the middle of the twelfth century, Lisbon and Almeria possessed manufactories of silks.

360. It was from the mountains of the North that desolation descended upon the civilization of Spain. The barbarians of these mountains, and the refluent Goths, while the Northmen were pillaging Exeter and Paris, began their incursions on the cultivated realms. The story is told by the conquerors. The victories of Navarre, of Oviedo, of Leon, and Old Castile, are sung in the strains of their descendants; but as their ensanguined banners advanced, science and industry, commerce and civilization were expelled, and a rich and glorious kingdom was laid waste,

until its ruin was completed by the bigotry and persecution of a Christian king and a Christian queen shortly before the discovery of Mexican and Peruvian gold,-a poor compensation for the expatriated industry and arts.

361. During the Moorish domination of Spain (900-1000), those huge vessels began to be constructed, in her southern ports, which formed the models of her great carracks, and led to the increasing magnitude of her vessels of war. Ships which exceeded the largest which the Genoese or Venetians had ever built.

362. BARCELONA.-By the arms of Charlemagne, Barcelona was severed from Spain; but under her counts and the princes of Arragon the Moor prospered with a liberal Christian government, as under the caliphs of Cordova the Christian flourished in the rich and populous southern harbours of Spain. The merchants (1281) laughed at the anathema, and traded with the infidel, and flourished in defiance of the interdict of the Pope..

363. While the Norman was parting out the fair lands of Albion among his heterogeneous host, and superseding the Saxon by a barbarous law (1068), the magnates of Barcelona, under their illustrious count, were consolidating that system of rules and usages from the Rhodian and Roman laws, and the customs and rules of the Italian and Saracenic States, which laid the foundation of the celebrated code, consolidated and confirmed in 1258, now generally known as "Consolato del Mare;" by the fifty-eighth chapter of which, hospitality and protection is secured to every ship so long as she is on the Catalonian coast. We shall offer a few observations on this and the other collections of maritime law in a future page.

364. VIKINGS.-We can give but a short history of the Vikings of the North, of their romantic adventures, of their progress from their stormy shores to the desolated coasts of the Mediterranean. Their habits much resembled those of the early Greeks. After the repulse which they

sustained from the fleets of Carausius, we hear little of their exploits until the Roman dominion had passed away.

365. The cry from Britain to the Patrician had been in vain. The ravagers were desolating her regions to the borders of the south-eastern coasts. The rich and luxurious inhabitants were defenceless, and called upon the Corsairs for aid. The Corsairs came on their invitation, and called upon their countrymen to follow. They came, incessantly they came, to aid the natives-to expel, to enslave them, and to take possession of their lands. The broad acres of England for centuries sufficed for the emigrants, Saxons, Jutes, and Angles, and afforded some accommodation for Danes.

366. During upwards of three hundred years the Britons and the influent population from the provinces of Rome had cultivated the land, had facilitated internal communication and commerce by roads, of which traces still remain, and by canals, some of which were in after ages imperfectly repaired.

367. They had erected cities and towns and fortresses, and sumptuous villas and mansions, adorned and embellished with tessellated pavements, with baths, with paintings and sculptures, crowded with artisans, and furnished with the manufactories which cultivation and luxury required. Industry was active, although there was only a passive trade. Boundary-walls and camps protected, or seemed to protect, every district of the realm.

368. There were (170) two municipalities, Saint Alban's and York; nine other colonies, Richburgh, Bath, Caerleon, Chester, Gloucester, London, Colchester, Camboricum, Lincoln; and ten towns, which enjoyed Latian privileges, Old Sarum, Cirencester, Durnomagus, Slack, Blackrode, Thornhaugh, Carlisle, Victoria, Ptoroton, and Dumbarton; and twelve stipendiary towns, Rochester, Canterbury, Vindomum, Winchester, Dorchester, Exeter, Caerwent, Carmarthen, Segontium, Caster, Leicester, and Risingham. London and Rich

burgh were the principal ports: there were also ports at Filey, Dover, Lime, Pevensey, Adur, Porchester, St. David's, and Portus Sistuntiorum. Besides these, there were one hundred and forty towns and places of some note.

369. During the 400 years subsequent to the retreat of the Romans, the Pict and the Scot, the Saxon, the Jute, the Angle, the Dane, and the Norwegian pillaged and devastated the lands, depopulated the towns, and left few vestiges of their former magnificence and wealth.

370. The towns, dilapidated and in decay, were replaced by scant assemblages of houses, with rarely a church or royal residence of any more durable material than wood. Still, industry was not exterminated; some of the arts survived, especially those which tended to clothe the savage in gaudy attire, and to decorate him with jewels and gold.

371. The materials for these manufactures were obtained by selling to such merchants as ventured to come among them from a few of the Continental towns, principally from Flanders, the produce of their pastures and wars; their wool, cattle, wax, and honey from the former, and from the latter abundance of slaves. Their internal traffic was carried on by the pedler and chapman. They had never learnt to export even the few commodities which they could manufacture or produce. Occasionally, under better auspices, industry and manufactures expanded a little; a few towns grew into comparative importance, and began to be more visited by trade.

372. There are evidences of early industry in the northwestern coasts of the Continent, where, at a period remote beyond authentic record, whole provinces had been rescued, or at least protected, from the sea. After the decay of the Roman power, these and the neighbouring countries, which had sometimes maintained and often contended against that power, became involved in almost constant wars, until temporarily suppressed by the firm hand of Charlemagne. Placed by him under the government of warlike counts,