When we examine an object or observe an experiment until the vague whole becomes differentiated into clearly defined elements of which the mind seizes upon one or more, the process is said to be analytic. Show that Induction is analytic. In what ways can we aid in establishing correct conclusions by ordinary or experimental Induction? For example, in proving Boyle's or Mariotte's Law, that, 'If the temperature is kept constant, the volume of the given mass of gas varies inversely as the pressure to which it is subjected," what steps should be taken? To find the change of bulk in oxygen gas when converted into ozone by the electric spark, Dr. Andrews repeated the experiment one hundred times. What is gained by such a method? Give examples of too hasty Induction. Supplement the list of suggestions regarding scientific experiments, p. 18.

Could the law of gravitation be discovered from one experiment? If we had sufficient insight to discover the law, would the process still be analytic? Suppose, for example, that a person notices but one object fall when unsupported. Name other qualities which the object might possess in addition to that of a tendency to fall to the ground.

Show that one experiment carefully performed and thoroughly understood may be more satisfactory than a large number of superficial experiments.

(b) Deduction. Note how the law of gravitation (that all unsupported bodies tend to fall) is applied to particular cases by a person who is familiar with the law. What answer will such an one give to the question: "If I take away the support from this apple, what change will take place"?

Write three statements, the last of which is: "Therefore this apple will fall to the ground."

Consider the following:

All Frenchmen are Europeans.
All Parisians are Frenchmen.

Therefore all Parisians are Europeans.

How many judgments are there?

How many different classes are spoken of?

What class is most numerous? What class least numerous ? Why may Europeans be called the Major term?

Why may Parisians be called the Minor term?

Why may Frenchmen be called the Middle term? Represent the terms by three circles and illustrate the validity of the argument.

When we place a particular in a class, that is, bring it under a known law, we are said to reason by Deduction. A Deduction can be arranged in three judgments which, taken together, form a syllogism. In a syllogism there are always three terms, called the Major, Minor and Middle terms. The first statement is called the major premise, the second the minor premise, and the third the conclusion.

Complete the following syllogisms and select terms, premises and conclusion.

Where letters are used, give corresponding practical examples.

Endeavor to reach correct conclusions without any objective aids. When in doubt, verify results graphically, with circles, etc.

Arrange the three terms, A, B, C, in as many different syllogisms as possible.

Incorrect Deductions.-Point out the errors in the following: Mathematical studies improve the reasoning powers.

Logic is not a mathematical study.

Therefore Logic does not improve the reasoning powers.

Nothing is better than Wisdom.

Dry bread is better than nothing.

Therefore dry bread is better than Wisdom.

Matter occupies space.

Air occupies space.

Therefore air is matter.

Give examples of incorrect conclusions owing to:

(a) Incorrect Major premise.

(b) Incorrect Minor premise.

(c) Incorrect reasoning.

(d) Double meaning of terms employed.

Why may it be said that the most difficult point in deductive reasoning is to make sure of our premises?

Show by examples that:

1. False premises and correct reasoning may lead to true conclusions.

2. True premises and incorrect reasoning may lead to true conclusions.

3. True premises and incorrect reasoning may lead to false conclusions.

4. False premises and correct reasoning may lead to false conclusions.

5. False premises and incorrect reasoning may lead to true conclusions.

6. False premises and incorrect reasoning may lead to false conclusions.

7. True premises and correct reasoning must lead to true conclusions.

D.-Definition of Thought.-Conception, Judgment and Reason are all included under the term Thought.

What do we find in these that we do not find in Perception, Memory or Imagination. Show that Thought consciously deals with free universal relations.

Consider the following:

"In perception and imagination the laws of association hold the apperceiving power down to a mechanical reconstruction of the data of presentation. In reasoning the energy of apperception transcends these bonds and, proceeding upon the data of representation, realizes itself in its own way, according to its own laws. It is conscious and voluntary. Thought, therefore, looked at from the subjective side, is the reapperception of the apperceptive product in an active, conscious way, and from the objective side it is the development of mind in its essential nature as the organ of the realization of truth."

"Thinking may be defined as knowledge of universal elements; that is, of ideas as such, or of relations."

II.-DYNAMIC CONCEPTION OF THE THOUGHT PROCESS:

Explain and illustrate the following:

Thought never arises unless there is necessity for the reconstruction of experience something which requires to be thought about in order to attain the purpose we have in view.

The present situation emerges from the preceding and quickly changes to the following under the analytic-synthetic process.

Induction and Deduction are simply higher forms of the analytic and synthetic activities, and differ from them only in dealing with explicit or recognized universal relations. These defining and relating processes go hand in hand, and the activity may be viewed from either standpoint. The discriminating view is analytic, the identifying view, synthetic. Thus there is a constant analytic-synthetic activity. In the Inductive Sciences the emphasis is on the Inductive or analytic side, in first discriminating in order to obtain a view of the common quality and thus discover hypotheses. In Deduction the emphasis is on the establishing of a relation between the universal and the particular, and thus develop proof. In so far, therefore, as in a process of reasoning, the attitude is one of search or discovery, the process may be said to be Inductive. In so far as it is an attitude of proof, it is Deductive. Show that all reasoning is both Inductive and Deductive at the same time.

Perception, Memory, Imagination, Thought, have no existence apart from what is perceived, remembered, imagined, thought. They are names given to successive stages in the development of knowledge as the mind proceeds step by step to establish wider relations, until in the thought process (the crowning activity of knowledge gaining) it consciously deals with universal relations only.

There is no such thing as a universal idea or law apart from the particulars to which the idea or law refers. The individual complex view always possesses two factors, the Particular (furnished by the presentation) and the Universal (furnished by the mind). The sensation is not known until the mind works upon it, casting it into its own moulds. On the other hand, there can be no knowledge without a basis in sense presentation.