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1 pound,

lb.

gr.

4 quarters,

1 hundred weight,

cwt.

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16 drams (dr.) make

28 pounds, 1 quarter of a hundred weight,

20 hundred weight,

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6 quarters,

2 pints, (pt.) make

8 quarts,

4 pecks,

mats, oysters, coal, &c.

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All brandies, spirits, mead, vinegar, oil, &c. are measur

ed by wine measure.

Note. 231 solid inches, make a gal

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T.

lon.

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69 statute miles,

1 yard,

yd.

1 rod, pole, or perch, rd.

1 furlong,

1 mile,

1 league,

fur.

m.

lea.

1 degree, on the earth.

360 degrees, the circumference of the earth.

The use of long measure is to measure the distance of places, or any other thing, where length is considered, without regard to breadth.

N. B. In measuring the height of horses, 4 inches make 1 band. In measuring depths, 6 feet make 1 fathom or Distances are measured by a chain, four rods long, containing one hundred links.

French toise.

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40 feet of round timber, or

50 feet of hewn timber,

128 solid feet, or 8 feet long, }

4 wide, and 4 high,

1 tun or load.

I cord of wood.

All solids, or things that have length, breadth, and depth, tre measured by this measure. N. B. The wine gallon Contains 231 solid or cubic inches, and the beer gallon, 282. A bushel contains 2150,42 solid inches.

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B3 months, 1 day and 6 hours, 1 Julian year,

mo.

yr.

Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November, February twenty-eight alone, all the rest have thirty-one. N. B. lu Bissextile, or leap year, February hath 29 days. 12. Circular Motion.

60 seconds (") make

60 minutes,

30 degrees,

1 minute,

1 degree,

I sign,

S.

12 signs, or 360 degrees, the whole great circle of the Zothack.

Explanation of Characters used in this Book.

Equal to, as 12d. = 1s. signifies that 12 pence are equal to I shilling.

+ More, the sign of Addition; as, 5+7=12, signifies that 5 and 7 added together, are equal to 12.

-Minus, or less, the sign of Subtraction; as, 6-2=4, sig nifies that 2 subtracted from 6, leaves 4.

x Multiply, or with, the sign of Multiplication; as, 4×3=12, significs that 4 multiplied by 3, is equal to 12.

The sign of Division; as, 8÷2=4, signifies that 8 di vided by 2, is equal to 4; or thus, 3=4, each of which signify the same thing.

:: Four points set in the middle of four numbers, denote them to be proportional to one another, by the rule of three; as 2:4::8: 16; that is, as 2 to 4, so is 8 to 16.

✓ Prefixed to any number, supposes that the square root of that number is required.

Prefixed to any number, supposes the cube root of that number is required.

Denotes the biquadrate root, or fourth power, &c.

ARITHMETIC is the art of computing by numbers, and has five principal rules for its operation, viz. Numeration, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division.

NUMERATION.

Numeration is the art of numbering. It teaches to express the value of any proposed number by the following characters, or figures:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0-or cipher.

Besides the simple value of figures, each has a local ralue, which depends upon the place it stands in, viz. any gure in the place of units, represents only its simple value, Er so many ones; but in the second place, or place of tens, it becomes so many tens, or ten times its simple value; and in the third place, or place of hundreds, it becomes a hundred times its simple value, and so on, as in the following

Note.-Although a cipher standing alone signifies nothing; yet when it is placed on the right band of figures, it increases their value in a tenfold proportion, by throwing them into higher places. Thus, 2 with a cipher annexed to it, becomes 20, twenty, and with two ciphers, thus, 200, two hundred. 2. When numbers consisting of many figures, are given to be read, it will be found convenient to divide them into as many periods as we can, of six figures each, reckoning from the right hand towards the left, calling the first the period of units, the second that of millions, the third billions, the fourth trillions, &c. as in the following number:

6073 6 2 5 4 6 2 7 8 9 0 1 2506 7 9 2 4. Period of 3. Period of 2. Period of 1. Period of

Trillions.

8073

Billions.

625462

Millions.

789012

Units.

506792

The foregoing number is read thus-Eight thousand and seventy-three trillions; six hundred and twenty-five thousand, four hundred and sixtytwo billions; seven handred and eighty-nine tho sand and twelve millions; five hundred and six thousand seven hundred and ninety-two.

N. B. Billious is substituted for millions of millic ns.

Trillions fe millions of millions of millions.

Quatrillions for millions of millions of millions of millions, &c.

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