II. SQUARE MEASURE. 143. A Square is a figure having four equal sides, and four equal angles or corners. 1 yd.-3 ft. 1 yd.-3 ft. 1 yd.-3 ft. Thus a square foot is 12 inches long and 12 inches wide, and the contents are 12 × 12=144 square inches. A surface 20 feet long and 10 feet wide, is a rectangle, containing 20 × 10=200 square feet. The contents or area of a square, or of any other figure having a uniform length and a uniform breadth, is found, by multiplying the length by the breadth. 144. Square Measure is used in computing areas or surfaces; as of land, boards, painting, plastering, paving, &c. TABLE. 144 square inches (sq. in.) make 1 square foot, 9 square feet 301 square yards แ sq. ft 1 square yard, sq. yd. 640 40 square rods 4 roods acres sq. rd. R. A. 1 square mile, sq. mi, Artificers estimate their work as follows: By the square foot: glazing and stone-cutting. By the square yard: painting, plastering, paving, ceiling, and paper-hanging. By the square of 100 feet: flooring, partitioning, roofing, slating, and tiling. Brick-laying is estimated by the thousand bricks; also by the square yard, and the square of 100 feet. NOTES. 1. In estimating the painting of moldings, cornices, etc., the measuring line is carried into all the moldings and cornices. 2. In estimating brick-laying by the square yard or the square of 100 feet, the work is understood to be 1% bricks, or 12 inches, thick. SURVEYORS' SQUARE MEASURE. 145. This measure is used by surveyors in computing the area or contents of land. SCALE ascending, 625, 16, 10, 630, 36; descending, 36, 640, 10, 16, 625. NOTES. 1. A square mile of land is also called a section. 2. Canal and railroad engineers commonly use an engineers' chain, which consists of 100 links, each 1 foot long. III. CUBIC MEASURE. 146. A Cube is a solid, or body, having six equal square sides or faces. 3 ft. =1 yd. If each side of a cube be 1 yard, or 3 feet, 1 foot in thickness of this cube will contain 3x3x1= 9 cubic feet; and the whole cube will contain 3X3X3=27 cubic feet. A solid, or body, may have the three dimensions all alike, or all different. A body 4 ft. long, 3 ft. wide, and 2 ft. thick contains 4X3X2-24 cubic or solid feet. Hence we see that The cubic or solid contents of a body are found by multiplying the length, breadth, and thickness together. 147. Cubic Measure, also called Solid Measure, is used in estimating the contents of solids, or bodies; as timber, wood, stone, &c. masonry SCALE-ascending, 1728, 27, 40, 50, 16, 8, 128, 243; descend ing, 24, 128, 8, 16, 50, 40, 27, 1728. NOTES. 1. A cubic yard of earth is called a load. 2. Railroad and transportation companies estimate light freight by the space it occupies in cubic feet, and heavy freight by weight. 3. A pile of wood 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet high, contains 1 cord; a cord foot is one foot in length of such a pile. and 4 A perch of stone or of masonry is 161⁄2 feet long, 1% feet wide, and 1 foot high. MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 148. Capacity signifies extent of room or space. All measures of capacity are cubic measures, solidity and capacity being referred to different units, as will be seen by comparing the tables. Measures of capacity may be properly subdivided into two classes, Measures of Liquids, and Measures of Dry Substances. I. LIQUID MEASURE. 149. Liquid Measure, also called Wine Measure, is used in measuring liquids; as liquors, molasses, water, &c. NOTES. 1. The denominations, barrel and hogshead, are used in estimating the capacity of cisterns, reservoirs, vats, &c. 2. The tierce, hogshead, pipe, butt and tun, are the names of casks, and do not express any fixed or definite measures. They are usually gauged, and have their capacities in gallons marked on them. 3. Ale or beer measure, formerly used in measuring beer, ale and milk, is almost entirely discarded. II. DRY MEASURE. 151. Dry Measure is used in measuring articles not liquid; as grain, fruit, salt, roots, ashes, &c. TABLE. 2 pints (pt.) make 1 quart,..........qt. SCALE ascending, 2, 8, 4; descending, 4, 8, 2. NOTES. 1. In England, 8 bu. of 70 lbs each are called a quarter, used in measuring grain. The weight of the English quarter is 1⁄4 of a long ton. 2. The wine and dry measures of the same denomination are of different capaci ties. The exact and the relative size of each may be readily seen by the following |