vour of archbishop Cranmer, and the bishops | Scriptures in their vulgar tongue, resolved to give Latimer and Shaxton. The first Bible printed a version of their own, as favourable to their by authority in England, and publicly set up in cause as might be. It was printed on a large pachurches, was the same Tindal's version, revised per, with a fair letter and margin; one complaint and compared with the Hebrew, and in many against it was, its retaining a multitude of Heplaces amended by Miles Coverdale, afterwards brew and Greck words untranslated, for want, bishop of Exeter; and examined after him by as the editors express it, of proper and adequate archbishop Cranmer, who added a preface to it; terms in the English to render them by; as whence this was called Cranmer's Bible. It was the words azymes, tunike, holocaust, prepuce, printed by Grafton, of the largest volume, and pasche, &c.: however, many of the copies were published in 1540; and by a royal proclamation, seized by the queen's searchers, and confiscated; every parish was obliged to set one of the copies and Thomas Cartwright was solicited by secre in their church, under the penalty of forty shil-tary Walsingham to refute it; but, after a good lings a month; yet, two years after, the popish progress made therein, archbishop Whitgift probishops obtained its suppression by the king. It hibited his further proceeding, as judging it imwas restored under Edward VI., suppressed again proper that the doctrine of the church of England under queen Mary's reign, and restored again in should be committed to the defence of a puritan; the first year of queen Elizabeth, and a new edi- and appointed Dr. Fulke in his place, who retion of it given in 1562. Some English exiles at futed the Rhemists with great spirit and learning. Geneva, in queen Mary's reign, viz., Coverdale, Cartwright's refutation was also afterwards pubGoodman, Gilbie, Sampson, Cole, Wittingham, lished in 1618, under archbishop Abbot. About and Knox, made a new translation, printed there thirty years after their New Testament, the Ro in 1560, the New Testament having been printed man Catholics published a translation of the Old, in 1557; hence called the Geneva Bible, contain-at Douay, 1609 and 1610, from the Vulgate, with ing the variations of readings, marginal annota annotations, so that the English Roman Cathetions, &c. on account of which it was much lics have now the whole Bible in their mother valued by the puritan party in that and the fol- tongue; though, it is to be observed, they are lowing reigns. Abp. Parker resolved on a new forbidden to read it without a licence from their translation for the public use of the church; and superiors. The last English Bible was that which engaged the bishops, and other learned men, to proceeded from Hampton Court conference, in take each a share or portion; these, being after- 1603; where, many exceptions being made to the wards joined together and printed, with short Bishops' Bible, king James gave order for a new annotations, in 1568, in large folio, made what one; not, as the preface expresses it, for a transwas afterwards called the Great English Bible, and lation altogether new, nor yet to make a good one commonly the Bishops' Bible. In 1589, it was better; or, of many good ones, one best. Fiftypublished in octavo, in a small but fine black letter; four learned men were appointed to this office by and here the chapters were divided into verses, the king, as appears by his letter to the archbut without any breaks for them, in which the bishop, dated 1604; which being three years bemethod of the Geneva Bible was followed, which fore the translation was entered upon, it is prowas the first English Bible where any distinction bable seven of them were either dead, or had of verses was made. It was afterwards printed declined the task; since Fuller's list of the transin large folio, with corrections, and several pro-lators makes but forty-seven, who, being ranged legomena, in 1572; this is called Matthew Parker's Bible. The initial letters of each translator's name were put at the end of his part; e. gr. at the end of the Pentateuch, W. E. for William Exon; that is William, bishop of Exeter, whose allotment ended there; at the end of Samuel, R. M. for Richard Menevensis, or bishop of St. David's, to whom the second allotment fell; and the like of the rest. The archbishop oversaw, directed, examined, and finished the whole. This translation was used in the churches for forty years, though the Geneva Bible was more read in private houses, being printed above twenty times in as many years. King James bore it an inveterate hatred, on account of the notes, which, at the Hampton Court conference, he charged as partial, untrue, seditious, &c. The Bishops' Bible, too, had its faults. The king frankly owned that he had seen no good translation of the Bible in English; but he thought that of Geneva the worst of all. After the translation of the Bible by the bishops, two other private versions had been made of the New Testament; the first by Laurence Thompson, from Beza's Latin edition, with the notes of Beza, published in 1582, in quarto, and afterwards in 1589, varying very little from the Geneva Bible; the second by the papists at Rheims, in 1584, called the Rhemish Bible, or Rhemish translation. These, finding it impossible to keep the people from having the

under six divisions, entered on their province in 1607. It was published in 1613, with a dedication to James, and a learned preface; and is commonly called king James's Bible. After this, all the other versions dropped, and fell into disuse, except the Epistles and Gospels in the Common Prayer Book, which were still continued according to the Bishops' translation till the alteration of the liturgy in 1661, and the psalms and hymns, which are to this day continued as in the old version. The judicious Selden, in his Table-talk, speaking of the Bible, says, "The English trans lation of the Bible is the best translation in the world, and renders the sense of the original best; taking in for the English translation, the Bishops Bible, as well as king James's. The translators in king James's time took an excellent way. That part of the Bible was given to him who was most excellent in such a tongue, (as the Apocrypha to Andrew Downs,) and then they met together, and one read the translation, the rest holding in their hands some Bible, either of the learned tongues, or French, Spanish, or Italian, &c. If they found any fault, they spoke; if not, he read on." [King James's Bible is that now read by authority in all the churches in Britain.]

Notwithstanding, however, the excellency of this translation, it must be acknowledged that our increasing acquaintance with oriental customs and manners, and the changes our language has

A

1644; but soine find fault with his method, in that he rather paraphrases the text than translates it. Faber Stapalensis translated the New Testament into French, which was revised and accommo dated to the use of the reformed churches in Piedmont, and printed in 1534. Lastly, John le Clerc published a New Testament in French at Amsterdam, in 1703, with annotations taken chiefly from Grotius and Hammond; but the use of this version was prohibited by order of the States-general, as tending to revive the errors of Sabellius and Socinus.

undergone since king James's time, are very pow- others; another by Sebastian Castalio, remarkerful arguments for a new translation, or at least a able for particular ways of expression never used correction of the old one. There have been various by good judges of the language. John Diodati English Bibles with marginal references by Can-likewise published a French Bible at Geneva in ne, Hayes, Parker, Scattergood, Field, Tennison, Lloyd, Blayney, Wilson, &c.; but the best we have, perhaps, of this kind, are Brown's and Scott's. 25. BIBLES, Ethiopic. The Ethiopians have also translated the Bible into their language. There have been printed separately the Psalms, Canticles, some chapters of Genesis, Ruth, Joel, Jonah, Zephaniah, Malachi, and the New Testament, all which have been since reprinted in the Polyglot of London. As to the Ethiopic New Testament, which was first printed at Rome in 1548, it is a very inaccurate work, and is reprinted in the English Polyglot with all its faults. 26. BIBLES, Flemish. The Flemish Bibles of the Romanists are very numerous, and for the most part have no author's name prefixed to them, till that of Nicholas Vinck, printed at Louvain in 1518. The Flemish versions made use of by the Calvinists till 1637, were copied principally from that of Luther. But the Synod of Dort having, in 1618, appointed a new translation of the Bible into Flemish, deputies were named for the work, which was not finished till 1637.

27. BIBLES, French. The oldest French Bible we hear of is the version of Peter de Vaux, chief of the Waldenses, who lived about the year 1160. Raoul de Preste translated the Bible into French in the reign of king Charles V. of France, about A. D. 1383. Besides these, there are several old French translations of particular parts of the Scripture. The doctors of Louvain, published the Bible in French, at Louvain, by order of the emperor Charles V. in 1550. There is a version by Isaac le Maitre de Sacy, published in 1672, with explanations of the literal and spiritual meaning of the text; which was received with wonderful applause, and has often been reprinted. Of the New Testaments in French, which have been printed separately, one of the most remarkable is that of F. Amelotte, of the Oratory, composed by the direction of some French prelates, and printed with annotations in 1666, 1667, and 1670. The author pretends he had searched all the libraries in Europe, and collated the oldest manuscripts; but, in examining his work, it appears that he has produced no considerable various readings which had not before been taken notice of either in the London Polyglot, or elsewhere. The New Testament of Mons, printed 1665, with the archbishop of Cambray's permission, and the king of Spain's licence, made great noise in the world. It was condemned by pope Clement IX. in 1669; by pope Innocent XI. in 1669; and in several bishoprics of France at several times. The New Testament, published at Trevoux, in 1702, by M. Simon, with literal and critical annotations upon difficult passages, was condemned by the bishops of Paris and Meaux in 1702. F. Bohours, a Jesuit, with the assistance of F. F. Michael Tellier and Peter Bernier, Jesuits, likewise published a translation of the New Testament in 1697; but this translation is for the most part harsh and obscure, which was wing to the author's adhering too strictly to the Latin text. There are likewise French translations published by Protestant authors; one by Robert Peter Olivetan, printed in 153 and often reprinted with the corrections of John Calvin and

28. BIBLES, German. The first and most ancient translation of the Bible in the German language is that of Ulphilas, bishop of the Goths, in the year 360. An imperfect manuscript of this version was found in the abbey of Verden, near Cologne, written in letters of silver, for which reason it is called Codex Argenteus; and it was published by Francis Junius in 1665. The oldest German printed Bible extant is that of Nurem burg, in 1547; but who was the author of it is uncertain. John Emzer, chaplain to George duke of Saxony, published a version of the New Tes tament in opposition to Luther. There is a German Bible of John Ekeus, in 1537, with Emzer's New Testament added to it; and one by Ulemburgius of Westphalia, procured by Ferdinand duke of Bavaria, and printed 1630. Martin Luther, having employed eleven years in translating the Old and New Testaments, published the Pentateuch and the New Testament in 1522 the historical books and the Psalms in 1524, the books of Solomon in 1527, Isaiah in 1529, the Prophets in 1531, and the other books in 1530, The learned agree that his language is pure, and the version clear and free from intricacies. It was revised by several persons of quality, who were masters of all the delicacies of the German language. The German Bibles which have been printed at Saxony, Switzerland, and elsewhere, are, for the most part, the same as that of Luther, with little variation. In 1604, John Piscator published a version of the Bible in German, taken from that of Junius and Tremellius; but his turn of expression is purely Latin, and not at all agreeable to the genius of the German language. The Anabaptists have a German Bible printed at Worms in 1529. John Crellius published his version of the New Testament at Racovia in 1630, and Felbinger his at Amsterdam in 1660.

29. BIBLES, Greek. There are many editions of the Bible in Greek, but they may be all reduced to three or four principal ones; viz. that of Com plutum, or Alcala de Henares; that of Venice, that of Rome, and that of Oxford. The first was published in 1515 by cardinal Ximenes, and inserted in the Polyglot Bible, usually called the Complutensian Bible: this edition is not just, the Greek of the LXX. being altered in many places according to the Hebrew text. It has, however, been reprinted in the Polyglot Bible of Antwerp, in that of Paris, and in the quarto Bible commonly called Vatablus's Bible. The second Greek Bible is that of Venice, printed by Aldus in 1518. Here the Greek text of the Septuagint is reprint ed just as it stood in the manuscript, full of faults of the copyists, but easily amended. This edition

BIBLE

was reprinted at Strasburg in 1526, at Basil in 1515, at Frankfort in 1597, and other places, with some alterations, to bring it nearer the Hebrew. The most commodious is that of Frankfort, there being added to this little scholia, which show the different interpretations of the old Greek translators. The author of this collection has not added his name, but it is commonly ascribed to Junius. The third Greek Bible is that of Rome, or the Vatican, in 1587, with Greek scholia, collected from the manuscripts in the Roman libraries by Peter Morin. It was first set on foot by Cardinal Montalbo, afterwards pope Sixtus V. This fine edition has been reprinted at Paris in 1628, by J. Morin, priest of the Oratory, who has added the Latin translation, which in the Roman was printed separately with scholia. The Greek edition of Rome has been printed in the Polyglot Bible of London, to which are added at the bottom the various readings of the Alexandrian manuscript. This has been also reprinted in England, in 4to, and 12mo. with some alterations. It was again published at Franeker, in 1709, by Bos, who has added all the various readings he could find. The fourth Greek Bible is that done from the Alexandrian manuscript, begun at Oxford by Grabe in 1707. In this the Alexandrian manuscript is not printed such as it is, but such as it was thought it should be, i. e. it is altered wherever there appeared any fault of the copyists, or any word inserted from any particular dialect: this some think an excellence, but others a fault, urging that the manuscript should have been given absolutely and entirely of itself, and all conjectures as to the readings should have been thrown into the notes. We have many editions of the Greek Testamen: by Erasmus, Stephens, Beza; that in the Complutensian Polyglot, the Elzevirs, &c.: and with various readings by Mill, Bengelius, Wetstein, &c. Those of Wetstein and Griesbach are thought by some to exceed all the rest.

BIBLE

served in the Hebrew language, that it is scarcely possible for any other to succeed in it. In the beginning of the 16th century, Dan. Bomberg printed several Hebrew Bibles in folio and quarto at Venice, most of which were esteemed both by the Jews and Christians: the first in 1517, which is the least exact, and generally goes by the name of Felix Pratensis, the person who revised it: this edition contains the Hebrew text, the Targum, and the commentaries of several rabbins. In 1528, Bomberg printed the folio Bible of Rabbi Benchajim, with his preface, the inasoretical divisions, a preface of Aben Ezra, a double masora, and several various readings. The third edition was printed in 1618, the same with the second, but much more correct. From the former editions, Buxtorf, the father, printed his rabbamcul He brew Bible at Basil, in 1618; which, though there are many faults in it, is more correct than any of the former. In 1623, appeared at Venice a new edition of the rabbinical Bible, by Leo, of Modena, a rabbin of that city, who pretended to have corrected a great number of faults in the former edition; but, besides that it is much inferior to the other Hebrew Bibles of Venice, with regard to paper and print, it has passed through the hands of the inquisitors, who have altered many passages in the commentaries of the rabbins. Of Hebrew Bibles in quarto, that of R. Stevens is esteemed for the beauty of the characters; but it is very incorrect. Plantin also printed several beautiful Hebrew Bibles at Antwerp; one in eight columns, with a preface by Arias Montanus, in 1571, which far exceeds the Complutensian in paper, print, and contents: this is called the Royal Bible, because it was printed at the expence of Philip II. king of Spain: another at Geneva, 1619, besides many more of different sizes, with and without points. Manasseh Ben Israel, a learned Portuguese Jew, published two editions of the Hebrew Bible at Amsterdam; one in quarto, in 30. BIBLES, Hebrew, are either manuscript or 1635; the other in octavo, in 1639: the first has printed. The best manuscript Bibles are those two columns, and for that reason is more commoopied by the Jews of Spain: those copied by the dious for the reader. In 1639, R. Jac. Lombroso Jews of Germany are less exact, but more com- published a new edition in quarto at Venice, with mon. The two kinds are easily distinguished small literal notes at the bottom of each page, from each other; the former being in beautiful where he explains the Hebrew words by Spanish characters, like the Hebrew Bibles of Bomberg, words. This Bible is much esteemed by the Jews Stevens, and Plantin: the latter in characters at Constantinople; in the text they have distin like those of Munster and Grypheus. F. Simon guished between words where the point camets observes, that the oldest manuscript Hebrew Bi-is to be read with a camets catuph; that is, by o bles are not above six or seven hundred years and not an a. Of all the editions of the Hebrew old; nor does Rabbi Menahem, who quotes a Bible in octavo, the most beautiful and correct vast number of them, pretend that any one of them are the two of J. Athias, a Jew of Amsterdam exceeds 600 years. Dr. Kennicott, in his Disser- The first, of 1661, is the best paper; but that of aoieneralis, prefixed to his Hebrew Bible, p. 1667 is the most exact. That, however, published 21, observes, that the most ancient manuscripts since at Amsterdama, by Vander Hooght, in 1705, were written between the years 900 and 1100; is preferable to both. After Athias, three He but though those that are the most ancient are braizing Protestants engaged in revising and pub not more than 800 or 900 years old, they were lishing the Hebrew Bible, viz. Clodius, Jablonski, transcribed from others of a much more ancient and Opitius. Clodius's edition was published at date. The manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Frankfort, in 1677, in quarto: at the bottom of Library is not less than 800 years old. Another the pages it has the various readings of the former anuscript not less ancient is preserved in the editions; but the author does not appear suffi Cesarian Library at Vienna. The most ancient ciently versed in the accenting, especially in the inted Hebrew Bibles are those published by the poetical books; besides, as it was not published Jews of Italy, especially of Pesaro and Bresse. under his eye, many faults have crept in. That Those of Portugal also printed some parts of the of Jablonski, in 1699, in quarto, at Berlin, is very Bible at Lisbon before their expulsion. This may beautiful as to letter and print; but, though the observed in general, that the best Hebrew Bi- editor pretends he made use of the editions of es are those printed under the mspection of the Athias and Clodius, some critics find it scarcely there being so many minute to be ob- in any thing different from the quarto edition of

Jews;

The version of Anthony Brucioli, published at Venice in 1532, was prohibited by the council of Trent. The Calvinists likewise have their Italian Bibles. There is one of John Diodati in 1607 and 1641; and another of Maximus Theophilus, in 1551, dedicated to Francis de Medicis, duke of Tuscany. The Jews of Italy have no entire version of the Bible in Italian; the Inquisition constantly refusing to allow them the liberty of printing one.

Bomberg. That of Opitius is also in quarto, at Keil, in 1709: the character is large and good, but the paper bad: it is done with a great deal of care: but the editor made use of no manuscripts but those of the German libraries, neglecting the French ones, which is an omission common to all the three. They have this advantage, however, that, besides the divisions used by the Jews, both general and particular, into paraskes and pesukim, they have also those of the Christians, or of the Latin Bibles, into chapters and verses; the keri 32. BIBLES, Latin, however numerous, may ketib, or various readings, Latin summaries, &c. be all reduced to three classes; the ancient Vul which made them of considerable use with re-gate, called also Italica, translated from the Greek spect to the Latin editions and the concordances. Septuagint; the modern Vulgate, the greatest The little Bible of R. Stevens, in 16mo., is very part of which is done from the Hebrew text; and much prized for the beauty of the character. the new Latin translations, done also from the Care, however, must be taken, there being an- Hebrew text, in the sixteenth century. We have other edition of Geneva exceedingly like it, ex- nothing remaining of the ancient Vulgate, used cepting that the print is worse, and the text less in the primitive times in the western churches, correct. To these may be added some other He- but the Psalms, Wisdom, and Ecclesiastes. No brew Bibles without points, in 8vo. and 24mo., bilius has endeavoured to retrieve it from the which are much coveted by the Jews: not that works of the ancient Latin fathers; but it was they are more exact, but more portable than the impossible to do it exactly, because most of the rest, and are used in their synagogues and schools. fathers did not keep close to it in their citations Of these there are two beautiful editions; the one As to the modern Vulgate, there are a vast num of Plantin, in 8vo, with two columns, and the ber of editions very different from each other other in 24mo. reprinted by Raphalengius, at Cardinal Ximenes has inserted one in the Bible Leyden, in 1610. There is also an edition of of Complutum, corrected and altered in many them by Laurens, at Amsterdam, in 1631, in a places. R. Stevens, and the doctors of Louvain, larger character; and another in 12mo. at Frank- have taken great pains in correcting the modern fort, in 1694, full of faults, with a preface of Mr. Vulgate. The best edition of Stevens's Latin Leusden at the head of it. Houbigant published Bible is that of 1540, reprinted 1545, in which an elegant edition of the Hebrew Bible at Paris, are added on the margin the various readings of in 1753, in 4 vols. folio: the text is that of Van- several Latin manuscripts which he had consult der Hooght, without points; to which he has ed. The doctors of Louvain revised the modern added marginal notes, supplying the variations of Vulgate after R. Stevens, and added the various the Samaritan copy. Dr. Kennicott, after almost readings of several Latin manuscripts. The best twenty years' laborious collation of near 600 co- of the Louvain editions are those in which are pies, manuscripts and printed, either of the whole added the critical notes of Francis Lucas, of Bruor particular parts of the Bible, published the He- ges. All these reformations of the Latin Bible brew Bible in 2 vols. folio: the text is that of were made before the time of pope Sixtus V. and Everard Vander Hooght, already mentioned, Clement VIII.; since which people have not differing from it only in the disposition of the presumed to make any alterations, excepting in poetical parts, which Dr. Kennicott has printed comments and separate notes. The correction of in hemistichs, into which they naturally divide Clement VIII. in 1592 is now the standard themselves: however, the words follow one ano- throughout all the Romish churches; that pontiff ther in the same order as they do in the edition of made two reformations; but it is the first of them Vander Hooght. This edition is printed in an that is followed. From this the Bibles of Plantin excellent type: the Samaritan text, according to were done, and from those of Plantin all the rest; the copy in the London Polyglot, is exhibited in so that the common Bibles have none of the aftera column parallel with the Hebrew text; those corrections of the same Clement VIII. It is a parts of it only being introduced in which it dif-heavy charge that lies on the edition of pope Cle fers from the Hebrew. The numerous variations, ment, viz. that they have some new texts added, both of the Samaritan manuscript from the print and many old ones altered, to countenance and ed copy of the Samaritan texts, and of the He- confirm what they call the Catholic doctrine. brew manuscripts from the printed text of Vander There are a great number of Latin Bibles of the Hooght, are placed separately at the bottom of third class, comprehending the versions from the the page, and marked with numbers referring to originals of the sacred books made within these the copies from which they are taken. Four 200 years. The first is that of Santes Pagninus, quarto volumes of various readings have also been a Dominican, under the patronage of Leo X published by De Rossi, of Parma, from more than printed at Lyons, in quarto, in 1527, much es 400 manuscripts (some of which are said to be teemed by the Jews. This the author improved of the seventh or eighth century), as well as from in a second edition. In 1542 there was a beaua considerable number of rare and unnoticed edi-tiful edition of the same at Lyons, in folio, with tions. An edition of Reineccius's Hebrew Bible, with readings from Kennicott and De Rossi, has been published by Dodderlein, and will be found a useful work to the Hebrew student.

31. BIBLES, Italian. The first Italian Bible published by the Romanists is that of Nicholas Malerme, a Benedictine monk, printed at Venice in 1471. It was translated from the Vulgate.

scholia, published under the name of Michael Villanovanus, i. e. Michael Servetus, author of the scholia. Those of Zurich have likewise published an edition of Pagninus's Bible in quarto; and R. Stevens reprinted it in folio, with the Vulgate, in 1557, pretending to give it more correct than in the former editions. There is also another edition of 1586, in four columns, under the

name of Vatablus; and we find it again, in the from Luther's German version, and dedicated it Hamburg edition of the Bible, in four languages.to Uladislaus, fourth king of Poland.

37. BIBLES, Polyglot. See Nos. 29, 31. 38. BIBLES, Russian; or,

In the number of Latin Bibles is also usually ranked the version of the same Pagninus, corrected, or rather rendered literal, by Arias Mon- 39. BIBLES, Sclavonian. The Russians of tanus; which correction being approved of by the Muscovites published the Bible in their language doctors of Louvain, &c. was inserted in the Poly-in 1581. It was translated from the Greek by glot Bible of Philip II., and since in that of Lon-St. Cyril, the apostle of the Sclavonians; but this don. There have been various editions of this in old version being too obscure, Ernest Gliik, who folio, quarto and octavo; to which have been add- had been carried prisoner to Moscow, after the ed the Hebrew text of the Old Testament, and taking of Narva, undertook a new translation of the Greek of the New. The best of them all is the Bible into Sclavonian; who dying, in 1705, the first, which is in folio, 1571. Since the Re- the Czar Peter appointed some particular divines formation, there have been several Latin versions to finish the translation; but whether it was ever of the Bible from the originals, by Protestants.printed we cannot say.

The most esteemed are those of Munster, Leo 40. BIBLES, Spanish. The first Spanish BiJuda, Castalio, and Tremellius; the three last of ble that we hear of, is that mentioned by Cyprian which have been reprinted various times. Mun- de Valera, which he says was published about ster published his version at Basil in 1534, which 1500. The epistles and gospels were published he afterwards revised: he published a correct in that language by Ambrose de Montesian in edition in 1646. Castalio's fine Latin pleases 1512; the whole Bible by Cassiodore de Reyna, most people; but there are some who think it af- a Calvinist, in 1569; and the New Testament, fected: the best edition is that of 1573. Leo Juda's dedicated to the Emperor Charles V. by Francis version, altered a little by the divines of Sala- Enzina, otherwise called Driander, in 1543. The manca, was added to the ancient Latin edition, first Bible which was printed in Spanish for the as published by R. Stevens, with notes, under the use of the Jews, was that printed at Ferara in name of Vatablus's Bible, in 1545. It was con- 1553, in Gothic characters, and dedicated to Herdemned by the Parisian divines, but printed, with cules D'Este, duke of Ferara. This version is some alterations, by the Spanish divines of Sala- very ancient, and was probably in use among the manca. Those of Junius, Tremellius, and Beza, Jews of Spain before Ferdinand and Isabella exare considerably exact, and have undergone a pelled them out of their dominions in 1492. After great number of editions. We may add a fourth very violent opposition from the Catholic clerclass of Latin Bibles, comprehending the Vulgate gy, the court of Spain ordered Spanish Bibles to edition, corrected from the originals. The Bible be printed by royal authority in 1796, and put into of Isidorus Clarus is of this number; that au- the hands of people of all ranks, as well as to be thor, not contented with restoring the ancient used in public worship.

Latin copy, has corrected the translator in a great 41. BIBLES, Syriac. There are extant two number of places which he thought ill rendered. versions of the Old Testament in the Syriac lanSome Protestants have followed the same method;guage; one from the Septuagint, which is ancient, and among others, Andrew and Luke Osiander, and made probably about the time of Constantine; who have each published a new edition of the Vulgate, corrected from the originals.

33. BIBLES, Muscovite. See Nos. 38, and 39. 34. BIBLES, Oriental. See Nos. 12, 13, 15, 19, 20, 23, 35, 41, 42.

the other called antiqua et simpler, made from the Hebrew, as some suppose, about the time of the apostles. This version is printed in the Polyglots of London and Paris. In 1562, Wedmanstadius printed the whole New Testament in Syriac, at 35. BIBLES, Persian. Some of the fathers Vienna, in a beautiful character; and since his seem to say that all the Scripture was formerly time there have been several other editions. Gatranslated into the language of the Persians; but briel Sionita published a beautiful Syriac edition we have nothing now remaining of the ancient of the Psalms at Paris in 1526, with a Latin inversion, which was certainly done from the Sep- terpretation. There is a Syriac copy of the Bible tuagint. The Persian Pentateuch, printed in the written in the Estrangelo character, and was London Polyglot, is without doubt the work of brought from the Christians of Travancore, being rabbi Jacob, a Persian Jew. It was published by a present from Mar Dionysius, the resident bishop the Jews at Constantinople, in 1551. In the at Cadenatte to Dr. Buchanan. The size is same Polyglot we have likewise the four evange-large folio in parchment: the pages are written in fists in Persian, with a Latin translation; but three columns, each column containing 60 lines. this appears very modern, incorrect, and of little It is supposed to have been written about the 7th use. Walton says, this version was written above century. Dr. White, it is said, has for some time four hundred years ago. Another version of the been engaged in reprinting the Syriac Old Tes Gospels was published at Cambridge, by Wheloc, tament. in the seventeenth century. There are also two Persian versions of the Psalms made from the vulgar Latin.

42. BIBLES, Turkish. In 1666, a Turkish New Testament was printed in London, to be dispersed in the East. In 1721, it is said, the 3. BIBLES, Polish. The first Polish version Grand Seignior ordered an impression of Bibles of the Bible, it is said, was that composed by at Constantinople, that they might be contrasted Hadewich, wife of Jagellon, duke of Lithuania, with Mahomet's oracle, the Alcoran. The mowho embraced Christianity in the year 1390. In dern Greeks in Turkey have also a translation of 159 there was a Polish translation of the Bible the Bible in their language.

pablished at Cracow, which was the work of se- 43. BIBLES, Welsh. There was a Welsh transveral divines of that nation, and in which James lation of the Bible made from the original in the Wick, a Jesuit, had a principal share. The time of Queen Elizabeth, in consequence of a bill Protestants, in 1596, published a Polish Bible brought into the House of Commons for this pur