JEWS

all the thoughts and actions of men.-11. That God will regard the works of all those who have performed what he commands, and punish those who have transgressed his laws.-12. That the Messiah is to come, though he tarry a long time. -13. That there shall be a resurrection of the dead when God shall think fit.

JEWS

adhere to the text of Moses, rejecting the rabbi mistical interpretation. See CARAITES.

There are still some of the Sadducees in Africa, and in several other places; but they are few in number: at least there are but very few who declare openly for these opinions.

at this time so greatly infected with scepticism, by reading Bolingbroke, Hume, Voltaire, &c. that they scarcely believe in a revelation; much less have they any hope in their future restoration.

There are to this day some remains of the anThe modern Jews adhere still as closely to the cient sect of the Samaritans, who are zealous for Mosaic dispensation, as their dispersed and de- the law of Moses, but are despised by the Jews, spised condition will permit them. Their ser- because they receive only the Pentateuch, and vice consists chiefly in reading the law in their observe different ceremonies from theirs. They synagogues, together with a variety of prayers. declare they are no Sadducees, but acknowledge They use no sacrifices since the destruction of the spirituality and immortality of the soul.the Temple. They repeat blessings and particular There are numbers of this sect at Gaza, Damaspraises to God, not only in their prayers, but on cus, Grand Cairo, and in some other places of all accidental occasions, and in almost all their the east; but especially at Sichem, now called actions. They go to prayers three times a day Naplouse, which is risen out of the ruins of the in their synagogues. Their sermons are not ancient Samaria, where they sacrificed not many made in Hebrew, which few of them now per-years ago, having a place for this purpose on fectly understand, but in the language of the Mount Gerizim. country where they reside. They are forbidden David Levi, a learned Jew, who in 1796 puball vain swearing, and pronouncing any of the lished "Dissertations on the Prophecies of the names of God without necessity. They abstain Old Testament," observes in that work, that from meats prohibited by the Levitical law; for deism and infidelity have made such large strides which reason, whatever they eat must be dressed in the world, that they have at length reached by Jews, and after a manner peculiar to them-even to the Jewish nation; many of whom are selves. As soon as a child can speak, they teach him to read and translate the Bible into the language of the country where they live. In general, they observe the same ceremonies which were practised by their ancestors, in the celebration of 3. Jews, calamities of-All history cannot the passover. They acknowledge a two-fold law furnish us with a parallel to the calamities and of God, a written and an unwritten one; the miseries of the Jews; rapine and murder, famine former is contained in the Pentateuch, or five and pestilence, within; fire and sword, and all books of Moses; the latter, they pretend, was the terrors of war, without. Our Saviour wept delivered by God to Moses, and handed down at the foresight of these calamities; and it is from him by oral tradition, and now to be receiv- almost impossible for persons of any humanity to ed as of equal authority with the former. They read the account without being affected. The assert the perpetuity of their law, together with predictions concerning them were remarkable, its perfection. They deny the accomplishment and the calamities that came upon them were the of the prophecies in the person of Christ; alleg greatest the world ever saw. Deut. xxviii. xxix.; ing that the Messiah is not yet come, and that he Matt. xxiv. Now, what heinous sin was it that will make his appearance with the greatest could be the cause of such heavy judgments? worldly pomp and grandeur, subduing all nations Can any other be assigned than what the Scripbefore him, and subjecting them to the house of ture assigns? 1 Thess. ii. 15, 16. "They both Judah. Since the prophets have predicted his killed the Lord Jesus and their own prophets, mean condition and sufferings, they confidently and persecuted the apostles: and so filled up talk of two Messiahs; one Ben-Ephraim, whom their sins, and wrath came upon them to the they grant to be a person of a mean and afflicted uttermost." It is hardly possible to consider the condition in this world; and the other, Ben- nature and extent of their sufferings, and not David, who shall be a victorious and powerful conclude the Jews' own imprecation to be singųprince. larly fulfilled upon them, Matt. xxvii, 25. "His The Jews pray for the souls of the dead, be-blood be on us and our children." At Cesarea cause they suppose there is a paradise for the souls of good men, where they enjoy glory in the presence of God. They believe that the souls of the wicked are tormented in hell with fire and other punishments; that some are condemned to be punished in this manner for ever, while others continue only for a limited time; and this they call purgatory, which is not different from hell in respect of the place, but of the duration. They suppose no Jew, unless guilty of heresy, or certain crimes specified by the rabbins, shall continue in purgatory above a twelvemonth; and that there are but few who suffer eternal punish

ment.

Almost all the modern Jews are Pharisees, and are as much attached to tradition as their ancestors were; and assert, that whoever rejects the oral law deserves death. Hence they enterlain an implacable hatred to the Caraites, who

twenty thousand of the Jews were killed by the Syrians in their mutual broils. At Damascus ten thousand unarmed Jews were killed; and at Bethshan the heathen inhabitants caused their Jewish neighbours to assist them against their brethren, and then murdered thirty thousand of these inhabitants, At Alexandria the Jews murdered multitudes of the heathens, and were murdered in their turn to about fifty thousand, The Romans under Vespasian invaded the country, and took the cities of Galilee, Chorazen, Bethsaida, Capernaum, &c., where Christ had been especially rejected, and murdered numbers of the inhabitants. At Jerusalem the scene was most wretched of all. At the passover, when there might be two or three millions of people in the city, the Romans surrounded it with troops, trenches, and walls, that none might escape. The three different factions within murdered one an

other. Titus, one of the most merciful generals | Egypt, Canaan, and Syria, the croisaders still that ever breathed, did all in his power to per- harassed them. Provoked with their mad runsuade them to an advantageous surrender, but ning after pretended Messiahs, Caliph Nasser they scorned every proposal. The multitudes scarce left any of them alive in his dominions of of unburied carcases corrupted the air, and pro- Mesopotamia. In Persia, the Tartars murdered duced a pestilence. The people fed on one an- them in multitudes. In Spain, Ferdinand perother; and even ladies, it is said, broiled their secuted them furiously. About 1349, the terrible sucking infants, and ate them. After a siege of massacre of them at Toledo forced many of them six months, the city was taken. They murder- to murder themselves, or change their religion. ed almost every Jew they met with. Titus was About 1253 many were murdered, and others bent to save the Temple, but could not: there banished from France, but in 1275 recalled. In were six thousand Jews who had taken shelter 1320 and 1330, the croisades of the fanatic shepin it, all burnt or murdered! The outcries of the herds, who wasted the south of France, masJews, when they saw it, were most dreadful: sacred them; besides fifteen hundred that were the whole city, except three towers and a small murdered on another occasion. In 1358 they part of the wall, were razed to the ground, and were totally banished from France, since which the foundations of the temple and other places few of them have entered that country. In 1291 were ploughed up. Soon after the forts of Hero- king Edward expelled them from England, to the dian and Macheron were taken, the garrison of number of one hundred and sixty thousand. In Massada murdered themselves rather than sur- the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centurender. At Jerusalem alone, it is said, one mil-ries, their miseries continued. In Persia they lion one hundred thousand perished by sword, have been terribly used: from 1663 to 1666, the famine and pestilence. In other places we hear of murder of them was so universal, that but a few two hundred and fifty thousand that were cut off, escaped to Turkey. In Portugal and Spain they besides vast numbers sent to Egypt to labour as have been miserably handled. About 1392, six slaves. About fifty years after, the Jews murder- or eight hundred thousand were banished from ed about five hundred thousand of the Roman sub- Spain. Some were drowned in their passage to jects, for which they were severely punished by Africa; some by hard usage; and many of their Trajan. About 130, one Barocaba pretended that carcasses lay in the fields till the wild beasts dehe was the Messiah, and raised a Jewish army of voured them. In Germany they have endured two hundred thousand, who murdered all the many hardships. They have been banished from heathens and Christians who came in their way; Bohemia, Bavaria, Cologne, Nuremberg, Augs but he was defeated by Adrian's forces. In this burgh, and Vienna: they have been terribly maswar, it is said, about sixty thousand Jews were sacred in Moravia, and plundered in Boun and slain and perished. Adrian built a city on Mount Bamberg. Except in Portugal and Spain, their Calvary, and erected a marble statue of swine present condition is generally tolerable. In Hol over the gate that led to Bethlehem. No Jewland, Poland, and at Frankfort and Hamburgh, was allowed to enter the city, or to look to it at a distance, under pain of death. In 360 they began to rebuild their city and temple; but a terrible earthquake and flames of fire issuing from the earth, killed the workmen, and scattered their 4. Jews, preservation of.-"The preservation materials. Nor till the seventh century durst of the Jews," says Basnage, "in the midst of the they so much as creep over the rubbish to bewail miseries which they have undergone during 1700 it, without bribing the guards. In the third, years, is the greatest prodigy that can be imaginfourth, and fifth centuries, there were many of ed. Religions depend on temporal prosperity; them furiously harassed and murdered. In the they triumph under the protection of a conqueror: sixth century twenty thousand of them were they languish and sink with sinking monarchies. slain, and as many taken and sold for slaves. In Paganism, which once covered the earth, is ex602 they were severely punished for their horrible tinct. The Christian church, glorious in its massacre of the Christians at Antioch. In Spain, martyrs, yet was considerably diminished by the in 700, they were ordered to be enslaved. In the persecutions to which it was exposed; nor was it eighth and ninth centuries they were greatly de- easy to repair the breaches in it made by those rided and abused: in some places they were made acts of violence. But here we behold a church to wear leathern girdles, and ride without stir-hated and persecuted for 1700 years, and yet susrups on asses and mules. In France and Spain taining itself, and widely extended. Kings have they were much insulted. In the tenth, eleventh, often employed the severity of edicts and the hand and twelfth centuries, their miseries rather in- of executioners to ruin it. The seditious multicreased: they were greatly persecuted in Egypt. tudes, by murders and massacres, have committed Bosides what they suffered in the East by the outrages against it still more violent and tragical Turkish and sacred war, it is shocking to think Princes and people, Pagans, Mahometans, Chris what multitudes of them the eight croisades mur- tians, disagreeing in so many things, have united dered in Germany, Hungary, Lesser Asia, and in the design of exterminating it, and have not elsewhere. In France multitudes were burnt.-been able to succeed. The bush of Moses, sutIn England, in 1020, they were banished; and at rounded with flames, ever burns, and is never the coronation of Richard I. the mob fell upon consumed. The Jews have been expelled, in them, and murdered a great many of them. About different times, from every part of the world, one thousand and five hundred of them were which hath only served to spread them in all reburnt in the palace in the city of York, which gions. From age to age they have been exposed they set fire to, themselves, after killing their to misery and persecution; yet still they subsist wives and children. In the thirteenth and four-in spite of the ignominy and the hatred which teenth centuries their condition was no better. In

they have their liberty. They have repeatedly, but in vain, attempted to obtain a naturalization in England, and other nations among whom they are scattered.

hath pursued them in all places, whilst the greatest

JEWS

monarchies are fallen, and nothing remains of them besides the name.

"The judgments which God has exercised upon this people are terrible, extending to the men, the religion, and the very land in which they dwelt. The ceremonies essential to their religion can no more be observed: the ritual law, which cast a splendour on the national worship, and struck the Pagans so much that they sent their presents and their victims to Jerusalem, is absolutely fallen, for they have no temple, no altar, no sacrifices. Their land itself seems to lie under a never-ceasing curse. Pagans, Christians, Mohammedans, in a word, almost all nations, have by turns seized and held Jerusalem. To the Jew only hath God refused the possession of this small tract of ground, so supremely necessary for him, since he ought to worship on this mountain. A Jewish writer hath affirmed, that it is long since any Jew has been seen settled near Jerusalem: scarcely can they purchase there six feet of land for a burying-place.

"In all this there is no exaggeration: I am only pointing out known facts; and, far from having the least design to raise an odium against the nation from its miseries, I conclude that it ought to be looked upon as one of those prodigies which we admire without comprehending: since, in spite of evils so durable, and a patience so long exercised, it is preserved by a particular providence. The Jew ought to be weary of expecting a Messiah, who so unkindly disappoints his vain hopes: and the Christian ought to have his attention and his regard excited towards men whom God preserves, for so great a length of time, under calamities which would have been the total ruin of any other people."

JOACHIMITES

furnishes us with a sufficient cloud of witnesses that attest the truth of the Bible, and their dispersion spreads these witnesses through all parts of the world.

6. Jews, restoration of.-From the declarations of Scripture we have reason to suppose the Jews shall be called to a participation of the blessings of the Gospel, Rom. xi. ; 2 Cor. iii. 16; Hos. i. 11, and some suppose shall return to their own land, Hos. iii. 5; Is. lxv. 17, &c.; Ezek. xxxvi. As to the time, some think about 1866 or 2016; but this, perhaps, not so easy to determine altogether, though it is probable it will not be before the fall of Antichrist and the Ottoman empire, Let us, however, avoid putting stumbling-blocks in their way. If we attempt any thing for their conversion, let it be with peace and love. Let us, says one, propose Christianity to them, as Christ proposed it to them. Let us lay before them their own prophecies. Let us show them their accomplishment in Jesus. Let us applaud their hatred of idolatry. Let us show them the morality of Jesus in our lives and tempers. Let us never abridge their civil liberty, nor ever try to force their consciences. Josephus's Hist. of the Jews; Spect. No. 495, vol. iv.; Levi's Ceremonies of the Jewish Religion; Buxtorf de Synagoga Ju daica; Spencer de Legibus Heb. Rit.; Newton on Proph.; Warburton's Address to the Jews, in the Dedication of the 2d rol. of his Legation; Sermons preached to the Jews at Berry Street, by Dr. Hareis and others; Basnage's and Orchley's Hist. of the Jews; Shaw's Philosophy of Judaism; Hartley on Man, vol. ii. prop. 8., vol. iii. p. 445, 487; Bicheno's Restoration of the Jews; Jortin's Rem. on Ecc. Hist. vol. iii. p. 427, 447; Dr. H. Jackson's Works, vol. i. p. 153; Neale's Hist. of the Jews; Pirie's Posth. Works, vol. i.; Fuller's Ser. on the Messiah.

5. Jews, number and dispersion of-They are looked upon to be as numerous at present as they were formerly in the land of Canaan. Some JOACHIMITES, the disciples of Joachim, have rated them at three millions, and others abbot of Flóra, in Calabria. Joachim was a Cistermore than double that number. Their dispersion cian monk, and a great pretender to inspiration. is a remarkable particular in this people. They He relates of himself, that being very young, swarm all over the cast, and are settled, it is said, he went to Jerusalem in the dress of a hermit to in the remotest parts of China. The Turkish visit the holy places; and that, while he was in empire abounds with them. There are more of prayer to God in the church of that city, God them at Constantinople and Salonichi than in communicated to him, by infusion, the knowledge any other place: they are spread through most of of divine mysteries, and of the Holy Scriptures. the nations of Europe and Africa, and many fami- He wrote against Lombard, the master of the lies of them are established in the West Indies: Sentences, who had maintained that there was not to mention whole nations bordering on Pres-but one essence in God, though there were three ter John's country, and some discovered in the in-persons; and he pretended, that since there were ner parts of America, if we may give any credit three persons, there must be three essences, to their own writers. Their being always in re- This dispute was in the year 1195. Joachim's bellions (as Addison observes) while they had the writings were condemned by the fourth Lateran Holy Temple in view, has excited most nations to council. banish them. Besides, the whole people are now a race of such merchants as are wanderers by profession; and at the same time are in most, if not in all places, incapable of holding either lands or offices, that might engage them to make any part of the world their home. In addition to this, we may consider what providential reasons may be assigned for their numbers and dispersion. Their firm adherence to their religion, and being dispersed all over the earth, has furnished every age and every nation with the strongest arguments for the Christian faith; not only as these very particulars are foretold of them, but as they themselves are the depositaries of these and all other prophecies which tend to their own confusion and the establishment of Christianity. Their number

His followers, the Joachimites, were parti cularly fond of certain ternaries. The Father, they said, operated from the beginning until the coming of the Son; the Son from that time to theirs, viz. the year 1260; and the Holy Spirit then took it up, and was to operate in his turn. They likewise divided every thing relating to men, doctrine, and manner of living, into three classes, according to the three persons of the Trinity. The first ternary was that of hen; of whom, the first class was that of married men, which had lasted during the whole period of the Father: the second was that of clerks, which lasted during the time of the Son; and the last was that of monks, wherein was to be an uncom mon effusion of grace by the Holy Spirit

The

JOY OF GOD relates, 1. To the delight and complacency he has in himself, his own na-lestine, and in the neighbouring parts, particular ture, and perfections.-2. He rejoices in his own works, Ps. civ. 31.-3. In his Son Christ Jesus, Matt. iii. 17.-4. In the work of redemption, John iii. 15.-5. In the subjects of his grace, Ps. cxlvii. 11; Zeph. iii. 17; Ps. cxlix. 4.

JUDGMENT

JUDGMENT

but the law of Moses; and the Rabbinists, who I assent to every proposition bear an exact propor. add to the law the traditions of the Talmud." See tion to the different degrees of evidence.-9. We those articles, and books recommended under ar- should keep our minds always open to receive ticle Jews, in this work. truth, and never set limits to our own improvement. Watts's Logic, ch.4. p. 231; Locke on the Understanding, p. 222, 256, vol. i. ; p. 271, 278, vol. ii.; Duncan's Logic, p. 145; Reid on the Intellectual Powers, p. 497, &c.

JUDGMENT, LAST, the sentence that will be passed on our actions at the last day.

II. As to the Judge: the Bible declares that God will judge the world by Jesus Christ, Acts xvii. 31. The triune God will be the Judge, as to original authority, power and right of judg ment; but, according to the economy settled between the three divine persons, the work is assigned to the Son, Romans xiv. 9. and 10, who will appear in his human nature, John v. 27, Acts xvii. 31; with great power and glory, 1 Thess. iv. 16, 17; visible to every eye, Rev. i. 7; penetrating every heart, Cor. iv. 5, Rom. ii. 16; with full authority over all, Matt. xxvii. 18; and acting with strict justice, 2 Tim. iv. 8. As for the concern of others in the judg ment; angels will be no otherwise concerned than as the attendants, gathering the elect, raising the dead, &c, but not as advising or judging. Saints are said to judge the world; not as co-judges with Christ, but as approvers of his sentence, and as their holy lives and conversations will rise up in judgment against their wicked neighbours.

JUDGING, RASH, the act of carelessly, precipitately, wantonly, or maliciously censuring others. This is an evil which abounds too much among almost all classes of men. "Not contented with being in the right ourselves, we must find all others in the wrong. We claim an exclusive possession of goodness and wisdom; and from I. The proofs of a general judgment are approving warmly of those who join us, we pro- these: 1. The justice of God requires it; for it is ceed to condemn, with much acrimony, not only evident that this attribute is not clearly displayed the principles, but the characters of those from in the dispensation of things in the present state. whom we differ. We rashly extend to every in--2. Thess. i. 6, 7; Luke xiv. 26.-2. The acdividual the severe opinion which we have un- cusations of natural conscience are testimonies warrantably conceived of a whole body. This man in favour of this belief, Rom. ii. 15; Dan. v. 5, is of a party whose principles we reckon slavish; 6; Acts xxiv. 25.-3. It may be concluded from and therefore his whole sentiments are corrupted. the relation men stand in to God, as creatures to That man belongs to a religious sect, which we a Creator. He has a right to give them a law, are accustomed to deem bigoted, and therefore he and to make them accountable for the breach of is incapable of any generous and liberal thought. it, Rom. xiv. 12.-4. The resurrection of Christ Another is connected with a sect, which we have is a certain proof of it. See Acts xvii. 31; Rom. been taught to account relaxed, and therefore can xiv. 9.-5. The Scripture, in a variety of places, have no sanctity. We should do well to consi- sets it beyond all doubt, Jude 14, 15; 2 Cor. v. der, 1. That this practice of rash judging is abso- 10; Matt. xxv.; Rom. xiv. 10, 11; 2 Thess. i. lutely forbidden in the sacred Scriptures, Matt. 7, 10; 1 Thess. iv. 16, 17. vii. 1.-2. We thereby authorize others to requite us in the same kind.-3. It often evidences our pride, envy, and bigotry.-4. It argues a want of charity, the distinguishing feature of the Christian religion.-5. They who are most forward in censuring others are often most defective themselves. Barrow's Works, vol. i, ser. 20; Blair's Ser. ser 10. vol. ii.; Saurin's Ser. ser. 4 vol. v. JUDGMENT is that act of the mind whereby one thing is affirmed or denied of another; or that power of the soul which passes sentence on things proposed to its examination, and determines what is right or wrong; and thus it approves or disapproves of an action, or an object considered as true or false, fit or unfit, good or evil. Dr. Watts gives us the following directions to assist us in judging right. 1. We should examine all our old opinions afresh, and inquire what was the ground of them, and whether our assent were built on just evidence; and then we should cast off all those judgments which were formed heretofore without due examination.2. All our ideas of objects, concerning which we pass judgment, should be clear, distinct, complete, comprehensive, extensive, and orderly.-3. When we have obtained as clear ideas as we can, both of the subject and predicate of a proposition, then we must compare those ideas of the subject and predicate together with the utmost attention, and observe how far they agree, and wherein they differ.-4. We must search for evidence of truth with diligence and honesty, and be heartily ready to receive evidence, whether for the agreement or disagreement of ideas.-5. We must suspend our judgment, and neither affirm nor deny until this evidence appears.-6. We must judge of every proposition by those proper and peculiar means or mediums, whereby the evidence of it is to be obtained, whether it be sense, consciousness, intelligence, reason, or testimony.-7. It is very useful to have some general principles of truth settled in the mind, whose evidence is great and obvious, that they may always be ready at hand to assist us in judging of the great variety of things which occur.-8. Let the degrees of our

III. As to the persons that will be judged; these will be men and devils. The righteous, probably will be tried first, as represented in Matt. xxv. They will be raised first, though perhaps not a thousand years before the rest, as Dr. Gill supposes; since the resurrection of all the bodies of the saints is spoken of as in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump, in order to their meeting the Lord in the air, and being with him not on earth, but for ever in heaven, I Cor. xv. 52; 1 Thess. iy. 16, 17.

Here we may take notice of a difficult question which is proposed by some, namely, Whether the sins of God's people shall be published in the great day, though it is certain they shall not be alleged against them to their condemnation? "This," says Dr. Ridgley, "is one of the secret things which belong to God, which he has not so fully or clearly revealed to us in his word; and therefore we can say little more than what is matter of conjecture about it. Some have thought that the sins of the godly, though forgiven, shall be made manifest, that so the glory of that grace which has pardoned them may appear more illus.