General History of the Christian Religion and Church

Favorable dispositions of Wartislav and his wife. Successful operations and
planting of the first church in Kammin. Supposed divine judgment on
account of breaking the Sabbath...

Otto, and his timid companions, in the free city of Julin. Fury of the

pagans; secret Christians there. Citizens agree to follow the example of

Stettin...

Arrival at Stettin. Religious condition of the pagan inhabitants. Embassy

to Poland. Otto's influence; upheld by a Christian family...

Boleslav's letter. Otto's method in destroying the monuments of idolatry.

Death of a heathen priest...

Otto in Garz, Lebbehn. Julin converted and destined for a bishopric. Suc-

cess in Clonoda (Gollnow), Naugard, Colberg, and Belgrade.

Visitation-tour, and return of Otto to Bamberg...

Reaction of paganism in Pommerania. Otto's second missionary journey.

His influence upon Wartislav in Demmin. Speech of the latter at the

diet in Usedom.

Influence of a pagan priest in Wolgast. Course of events there till Chris-

tianity triumphs.

Otto's successful labors in Gutzkow; his discourse at the dedication of a

church. Salutary example of Mizlav.

His

Boleslav's military expedition renounced. Otto's interview with Wartislav.

Otto's strong desire to visit Rügen. Attempts of Ulric to visit that

island defeated. Otto's treatment of his clergy..

Stettin, a town partly pagan, partly Christian. Witstack's conversion.

support of Otto. Otto's calmness amidst the infuriated pagans. Adop-

tion of Christianity resolved upon in an assembly of the people. Otto's

treatment of children. Dangers to which he exposed himself.......

Successful operations in Julin. Otto's return to Bamberg; he continues to

be interested in behalf of the Pommeranians. German clergy and colo-

nists in Pommerania.....

Rügen conquered by the Danes. Planting of the Christian church there by

Absalom.

Wendish kingdom of Gottshalk, under his successors.

tianity there..

Spread of Chris-

Vicelin's earlier life. His zealous and painful labors, in connection with
Dittmar, among the Slaves. Religious societies and missionary schools..
Liefland. Planting of the Christian church there. Missionary operations
of Meinhard (first church in Yxküll). Crusades of Theodoric and
Berthold against the Lieflanders. Albert of Appeldern. Riga made a
bishopric. Brethren of the Sword. Esthland, Semgallen, Curland,
christianized... . . . .

Spiritual dramas. Theological lectures of Andrew of Lund. Sigfrid in
Holm. Frederic of Celle martyred in Friedland. John Strick's
behavior during an attack from the Letti. Impression produced by a
spiritual song.
Converts to Christianity come to a consciousness of their

equal rights and dignity as men. Change in the character of the laws.

Exhortations of William of Modena....

Prussia. Missionary labors of Adalbert of Prague, and Bruno Boniface,
till their martyrdom. Gottfried of Lucina, and monk Philip. Christian's
labors, sustained by Innocent the Third (through his letters and briefs).
Completion of the work by the German knights and brethren of the
sword. Four bishoprics....

Finland converted to Christianity.

B. Asia.

Mongols. Empire of Dschingiskhan. Religious condition of the Mongols.
Unsuccessful embassies of Innocent the Fourth...

Influence of the Crusades. Embassy of Louis the Ninth.

Tartary. Activity of the Nestorians in spreading Christianity. Legend of

the Christian kingdom in Keraït, under the priest-kings John. Histor-

ical basis of this story..

Statements

of William of Rubruquis. His conversations and participation in the

religious conference betwixt the different parties...

The Mongol empire in Persia.....

Lamaïsm in the main empire of China. Report of Marco Polo, who enjoyed

the protection of Koblaikhan....

Missionary activity of John de Monte Carpino in Persia, India, China.
His successful labors in Cambalu (Pekin). The Nestorian prince George
becomes Catholic; reaction of Nestorianism after his death....

2. Among the Mohammedans in Africa.

Relation of the Mohammedans to Christianity during the Crusades. Fran-

cis of Assisi in Egypt. Different accounts of him. Report of Jacob of

Vitry....

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Science as an instrument for the spread of Christianity. Raymund Lull's
earlier life. His conversion, and his plan of labor. His Ars generalis

opposed to two parties. Relation of faith to knowledge. Linguistic mis-
sionary schools at Majorca. Lull's voyage to Tunis and its result. His
Tabula generalis and Necessaria demonstratio. His labors in Europe,
and second journey to North Africa (Bugia). His banishment; ship-
wreck near Pisa. His labors as a teacher in Paris; his threefold plan.
Dies a martyr in Bugia....

3. Relation of the Christian Church to the Jews.

The monk Hermann on the treatment of the Jews. False reports concern-

ing them; fanatical behavior towards them. Bernard of Clairvaux

defends them, and puts down Rudolf. Peter of Cluny hostile to the

Jews.....

The popes their protectors. Innocent the Second and the Third.

of Gregory the Ninth and of Innocent the Fourth.....

Points of dispute with the Christians. Objections stated by a Jew, and
their refutation by Gislebert.....

Doubts and conflicts of the convert Hermann..

SECTION SECOND.

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH CONSTITUTION, 82-220.

1. Papacy and the Popes, 82-194.

Corruption of the church, and reformatory reaction; Hildebrand's idea of

the church as designed to govern the world...

88888

His course of development as conditioned by the times in which he lived.
Gregory the Seventh (1073); complaints in the first years of his reign..

Principles of his conduct; Old Testament position on which he stood.

Predilection for judgments of God. Veneration of Mary. Papal and

royal authority. Monarchical constitution of the church. Gregory and

the laws. His legates. Annual synods. Care for particular nations.

Gregory's incorruptible integrity. Persecution of witches forbidden.

Gregory's views of penance, of monachism, asceticism. His liberality. 86

Different expectations from Gregory's government. The story concerning

Henry the Fourth. Protests against his election. Letters missive for a

reformatory Fast-synod (1074). Opposition to the law of celibacy.

Gregory's firmness to his principles in the case of the opposition at Ma-

yence, etc. His union with the laity and monks. His opponents.

Letter to Cunibert of Turin. Separatist-heretical movements. Com-

plaints against Gregory..

Lay investiture forbidden. Gregory's proceedings towards Philip the First

and Hermann of Bamberg...

Henry the Fourth obeys the pope in respect to simony. Idea of a crusade.

Henry violates the peace. Gregory's letter of admonition, and embassy.

Gregory is impeached by Hugo Blancus. Gregory deposed at the

council of Worms (1076). Henry's letter to Rome. Gregory's im-

prisonment by Cintius, and liberation. Ban pronounced on Henry.

Impression produced on different parties. Gregory's justification of

himself, refuted by Waltram. Diet at Tribur..

101

103

Henry's journey to Rome (1076–77). Gregory's journey to Germany

prevented. His relations with Mathilda. The penitents at Canossa.

The host used as an ordeal. The judgment to be formed respecting

Gregory's reconciliation with Henry..

Henry violates the peace. Rudolph of Suabia elected (1077).

Gregory's

112

ambiguous mode of proceeding. New ban pronounced on Henry (1080).

Gregory deposed and Clement the Third elected. Henry in Italy pre-

pared for peace. Gregory's firmness; his death (1085); his Dictates... 117

Continuance of the contest after Gregory. Victor the Third. Urban

the Second. Philip the First's controversies concerning his marriage..

Firm and bold stand of Yves of Chartres, and his fate.
Ban pro-

nounced on Philip....

Occasion of the Crusades. Peter the Hermit. Ecclesiastical assemblies at

Placenza and Clermont.

120

... 123

Speech of Urban the Second. Enthusiasm called forth. Different motives

of the crusaders. Spiritual orders of knights. Pious frauds, together

with examples of faith....

125

Papal authority increased by the Crusades. Change effected in Urban's

situation till his death. Death of the anti-pope Clement the Third... 128

Continued contests of Henry the Fifth. Robert of Flanders stirred up by

Paschalis the Second. Bold letter of the clergy of Liege (by Sigibert

of Gemblours) to Paschalis.....

....

Disputes with Henry the Fifth about Investiture. Compact at Sutri, a. D.

1110. New compact A. D. 1112. Reproaches brought against Paschalis

the Second. Gottfried of Vendôme representative of the sterner party.

Milder judgment of Hildebert of Mans and Yves of Chartres. John of

Lyons. The tract of Placidus of Nonantula. Paschalis before the La-

teran council. New disputes about investiture.

Gelasius the Second, and the imperial pope Gregory the Eighth. Attempt

to restore peace by the monk Hugo. Neutral stand taken by Gottfried

of Vendôme. Concordat of Worms between Calixtus the Second and

Henry the Fifth, A. D. 1122.....

130

134

.... 141

The anti-popes, Innocent the Second and Anaclete the Second. Innocent,

in France, supported by Bernard; healing of a schism in the church by

the latter; his conduct towards William of Aquitania. Innocent tri-:

umphant in Rome....

Opposition of the laity to the secularized clergy. Influence of the disputes

about investiture....

Arnold of Brescia; his education, particularly under the influence of Abe-

lard; his asceticism, and fierce invectives against the clergy. His life

in exile....

Arnold's principles in Rome. His return under Celestin the Second.

Lucius the Second. Anti-papal letter of the Romans to Conrad the

Eugene the Third. Bernard's letter to him. Eugene in France sup-

ported by Bernard. Great success attending his preaching of the

crusades. His moderated enthusiasm. The awakening called forth.

Twofold influence of Bernard. Opinions respecting the issue of the

second crusade....

Bernard's four books, De Consideratione,

152

Eugene's return to Rome.

addressed to him.....

Continuation of the quarrels under Adrian the Fourth. Letter of the

Roman nobles to Frederic the First. Fall of Arnold's party. Arnold's

death excused by the Roman court...

157

161

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Arnold's ideas continue to work. Conflict of the Hohenstaufens with the
hierarchy. First expedition of Frederic the First against Rome. Adri-
an's letter to Frederic respecting the term beneficium. Step taken by
Frederic on the other side. Reconciliation of the two parties in 1158.
New difficulties. Correspondence between the parties. Adrian dies
1159....

xiii

162

... 167

Alexander the Third, and the imperial pope Victor the Fourth. The

council of Paris in favor of the latter in 1160. Victor's successors.

Frederic the First's reconciliation with Alexander, 1177. The Lateran

council in 1179 determines the order of papal elections.

Thomas Becket made archbishop of Canterbury 1162; his difficulties with

Henry the Second; his repentance at having signed the articles at

Clarendon; his quarrel and reconciliation with Henry the Second; his

assassination. Impression produced by what happened at his tomb.

Henry's penance...