for the purpose of excluding horses, but admitting pedestrians to pass between Holborn and Lincoln's Inn Fields. Occasionally the name occurs as Turningstile. In a Presentment of the Jury of Middlesex, I Edward VI., mention is made of "twoe tenements at the Turne style in Holborne."1 The Lives of the Roman Emperors.-Sold by George Hutton at the sign of the Sun, within Turning-Stile in Holborne, 1636. And here he published Sir Edwin Sandys's Europa Speculum in 1637. Great Turnstile Alley, a great thoroughfare which leadeth into Holborn, a place inhabited by shoemakers, sempsters, and milliners, for which it is of considerable trade, and well noted.-R. B., in Strype, B. iv. p. 75. Mr. Bagford [the celebrated antiquary] was first a shoe-maker at Turnstile, but that would not do; then a bookseller at the same place, and that as little.-J. Sotheby to Thomas Hearne, May 19, 1716 (Letters from the Bodleian, vol. ii. p. 21). Lump. I will not break my method for the world; I have these twenty years walked through Turn-stile Alley to Holborn Fields at four: all the good women observe me, and set their bread into the oven by me.-A True Widow; a Comedy, by T. Shadwell, 4to, 1679. At Dulwich College is a Library having a collection of plays, given by one Cartwright, bred a bookseller, and afterwards turned player. He kept a shop at the end of Turn Stile Alley, which was first designed as a 'Change for vending Welsh flannels, friezes, etc., as may be seen by the left side going from Lincoln's Inn Fields. The house being now divided remains still turned with arches. Cartwright was an excellent actor, and in his latter days gave ym not only plays, but many good pictures, and intended to have been a further benefactor with money, and been buried there, but was prevented by a turbulent woman there.—Bagford, Harl. MS. 5900, fol. 54 b. Here, in Great Turnstile, about 1750-1760, John Smeaton, the builder of the Eddystone Lighthouse, kept a shop for making and selling philosophical instruments. John Britton was in the habit of meeting the Chevalier d'Eon (who dressed as a female and was respectable and respected) "at an eating-house in Great Turnstile, Holborn." Turnstile (Little), on the south side of HOLBORN, a passage to the west side of Lincoln's Inn Fields. These much frequented thoroughfares (Great and Little Turnstile) derived their names from the Turning Stiles which, two centuries ago, stood at their respective ends next Lincoln's Inn Fields, and which were so placed both for the conveniency of foot passengers, and to prevent the straying of cattle, the fields being at that period used for pasturage.-Brayley's Londiniana, vol. ii. p. 125. Turnstile (New), on the south side of HOLBORN, the next opening west of Little Turnstile. A stone let in to the wall is inscribed "New Turnstile, 1688." There was yet another Turnstile out of Lincoln's Inn Fields, on the south side. In 1661 Leonard Sowerby was a publisher at "the Turn-stile near New-Market [i.e. Clare Market] in Lincoln's Inn Fields." Tussaud's Waxworks, MARYLEBONE ROAD. This exhibition, which is said to be the oldest in Europe, was opened on the Boulevard 1 Notes and Queries, 7th S., vol. v. p. 415. du Temple at Paris in 1780, and was first shown in London at the Lyceum in 1802. It was located for many years at the Bazaar in Baker Street, Portman Square, but in 1884 the present building was erected by Mr. H. W. Williams, from the designs of Mr. F. W. Hunt, for the reception of the continually increasing collection of waxworks. It has an average depth of 60 feet and a frontage of 400 feet. The white marble staircase was brought from the huge residence at Kensington built by Baron Albert Grant, when the materials of that house were publicly sold. Madame Tussaud (niece of M. Curtius, who modelled figures in wax and taught her the art), was born at Berne in 1760. She was in Paris during the period of the great French Revolution and modelled the heads of the celebrated and notorious men and women whose figures form so characteristic a portion of the gallery. Madame Tussaud died in London, April 15, 1850. The relics of Napoleon I. are of great interest. Tuthill Street. [See Tothill Street.] Tyburn (Aye-bourne, 't Aye-bourne), a brook, or bourne, that rose near Hampstead, and, after receiving several tributary streamlets, ran south into the Thames at a place called King's Scholars' Pond, a little below Chelsea. Crossing Oxford Street, near Stratford Place, it made its way by Lower Brook Street and the foot of Hay Hill (Aye Hill) through Lansdowne Gardens, down Half Moon Street, and through the hollow of Piccadilly, where it was crossed by a stone bridge, into the Green Park. Here it expanded into a large pond, from whence it ran past the present Buckingham Palace in three distinct branches into the Thames, first, in early times, spreading into a marsh and surrounding the wooded Thorney, or Isle of Thorns, on which the Abbey of Westminster was built. It formed one of the main sewers. Rosamond's Pond, in St. James's Park, was in part supplied by the Tyburn waters. When Tyburn church was rebuilt it was dedicated to the Virgin by the name of St. Mary-le-bourne-hence the present Marylebone. [See Hay Hill.] Tyburn Lane, PICCADILLY, the original name for what is now Park Lane, between Piccadilly and Oxford Street; and so called because it led to Tyburn. It is introduced into the rate-books of the parish of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields for the first time in 1679, and was then called "Tyburn Road:" in 1686 it is called Tyburn Lane. Tyburn, TYBURN GALLOWS, or TYBURN TREE (or DEADLY Never GREEN), a celebrated gallows or public place of execution for criminals convicted in the county of Middlesex. It existed as early as the reign of Henry IV., and derives its name from Tyburn Brook, described above. It stood, there is reason to believe, on the site of Connaught Place, and near its south-west corner, though No. 49 Connaught Square is said to be the spot.1 [See Connaught Square.] 1 The question was discussed in Notes and Queries, 1860, without any definite result. Teyborne, so called of bornes and springs, and tying men up there.-Minsheu's Dictionary, fol. 1617. Tieburne, some will have it so called from Tie and Burne, because the poor Lollards for whom this instrument (of cruelty to them, though of justice to malefactors) was first set up, had their necks tied to the beame, and their lower parts burnt in the fire. Others will have it called from Twa and Burne, that is two rivulets, which it seems meet near to the place.—Fuller's Worthies (Middlesex). The first year of his [Henry IV.'s] reign (1399-1400) Sir Barnardo Brokkas was beheaded at London in Cheppesyde, and Sir Thomas Shellé, Knight, Mandlyne and Ferlyby, clarkes, were hangyd at Tyborne.-Grayfriars Chronicle, p. 9. 1403-1404.-The prior of Lanndes, Sir Robert Claryndon, Knight, and eight freer minores were hongyd at Tyborne. . . . And William Serle that was cheffe yomane with King Richard was drawne and hongyd at Tyborne, and the quarters salted.-Ibid., p. 10. Tyburn Gallows was a triangle in plan, having three legs to stand on, and appears to have been a permanent erection. Biron. Thou mak'st the triumviry, the corner cap of society, Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost. : There's one with a lame wit, which will not wear a four-corner'd cap. Then let him put on Tyburn, that hath but three corners.-Pappe with a Hatchet, 4to, 1589. It was made like the shape of Tiborne, three square.-Tarlton's Jests, 4to, 1611. Rawbone. I do imagine myself apprehended already now the constable is carrying me to Newgate-now, now, I'm at the Sessions House, in the dock :-now I'm called" Not guilty, my Lord." The jury has found the indictment, billa vera. Now, now, comes my sentence. Now I'm in the cart riding up Holborn in a twowheeled chariot, with a guard of halberdiers. "There goes a proper fellow," says one; "Good people, pray for me:" now I'm at the three wooden stilts [Tyburn]. Hey! now I feel my toes hang i' the cart; now 'tis drawn away; now, now, now ! -I am gone.-Shirley, The Wedding, 4to, 1629, Act iv. Sc. 3. Others take a more crooked path yet, the King's highway, where at length their vizzard is plucked off, and they strike fair for Tyburne.-Bishop Earle's Microcosmographie, 1628. Bishop Latimer preaching before Edward VI., April 5, 1576, concerning corrupt judges, said, "There lacks a fourth thing to make up the mess, which so God help me if I were judge, should be hangum tuum a Tyburne Typpet to take with him; an it were the judge of the King's Bench, My Lord Chief Justice of England, yea an it were my Lord Chancellor himself, to Tyburne with him." Gascoigne, in his Steel Glas (1576), has another euphemism for hanging That souldiours starve or prech at Tyborne Crosse. Celebrated Persons executed at Tyburn.-In 1499 Perkin Warbeck, that "little cockatrice of a king," as Bacon calls him. Elizabeth Barton, the Holy Maid of Kent, and five others, were beheaded for high treason, April 21, 1534. The Nun's head was fixed on London Bridge. May 4, 1535, Haughton, the last prior of the Charterhouse, with others of his brethren, was executed for high treason. "the first time in English history that ecclesiastics were brought out to suffer in their habits, without undergoing the previous ceremony of degradation." 1 In 1536 the Fitzgeralds, for their share in the Irish insurrection. In 1541, the youthful Thomas Fienes, ninth Lord Dacre, 1 Froude, vol. ii. p. 359. This was for killing a man in a brawl. In 1581, the Jesuits Campion and Harte; fragments of their habits, and drops of blood spilt in the quartering, were eagerly collected and carried away as relics. Campion had a friend in the Harrow Road whom he used to visit, and in passing the. Tyburn gallows a presentiment of what would be his fate led him always to raise his hat. In 1587 Doctor Lopes for compassing the death of the Queen (Elizabeth) by poison; and in 1589 one Squire for a like crime. February 21, 1595, Robert Southwell the poet and Jesuit. November 14, 1615, Mrs. Turner, implicated in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury; she was the inventress of yellow starch, and was executed in a cobweb lawn ruff of that colour.1 The hangman had his bands and cuffs of yellow, which made many after that day, of either sex, to forbear the use of that coloured starch, till it at last grew generally to be detested and disused.—Autobiography of Sir S. D'Ewes, vol. i. p. 69. Weston, Overbury's keeper. John Felton, the assassin of Villiers, Duke of Buckingham (1628); his body was afterwards hanged in chains at Portsmouth. Hacker and Axtell (October 19, 1660) and Okey, Barkstead and Corbet (April 19, 1662), five of fifty-nine who signed the death warrant of Charles I. Thomas Sadler (1677), for stealing the mace and purse of the Lord Chancellor. [See Lincoln's Inn Fields.] Oliver Plunket, Archbishop of Armagh (1681), for an assumed design of bringing a French army over to Ireland to murder all the Protestants in that kingdom. Sir Thomas Armstrong (June 20, 1684), who was concerned in the Rye House Plot, and his head was set on Temple Bar. Sir William Parkyns and Sir John Freind (1686), for conspiring to assassinate William III.; Jeremy Collier and two other nonjuring clergymen were with them in the cart under the gallows, and 'produced a greater sensation than the execution itself" by laying hands on them and pronouncing a form of absolution just before the hangman did his office.2 Robert Young (1700), the deviser of the Association Plot ("the flower-pot contrivance ") against Bishop Sprat, Marlborough and others; he was hanged for coining. John Smith: On the 12th of Dec 1705, one John Smith, being condemned for felony, and burglary, being conveyed to Tyburn; after he hanged aboute a quarter of an hour, a reprieve coming, he was cut down, and being cut down came to himself, to the great admiration of the spectators, the executioner having pulled him by the legs, and used other means to put a speedy period to his life.-Hatton, 1708. Ferdinando, Marquis Paleotti (1718), for the murder of his servant. Jack Sheppard, in the presence of 200,000 persons (November 16, 1724). Jonathan Wild (May 24, 1725); Fielding's "Jonathan Wild the Great" picked the parson's pocket of his corkscrew, at his execution, which he carried out of the world in his hand. Defoe says there was a greater concourse of spectators at his execution than on any previous occasion. "Jack Sheppard had a tolerable number to attend his exit; but no more to be compared to the present than a regiment to an army.' Lord Ferrers, for the murder of his land-steward (May 5, 1 Howell's Letters, ed. 1705, p. 3. 2 Macaulay, chap. xxi. 3 Applebee's Journal, May 29, 1725. 1760); he wore his wedding clothes to Tyburn; as good an occasion, he observed, for putting them on as that for which they were first made.1 The earl had behaved in so brutal a manner to his wife that they had been separated by Act of Parliament, and the estate placed in the hands of trustees, who had appointed Johnson the land-steward, to receive the rents. On the day of the murder the earl sent for Johnson (who was an old man) to his room, turned the key in the door, ordered him to kneel down, and shot him through the body with a pistol. He then lifted him into a chair and sent for a surgeon. Johnson survived nine hours and told the story. Dr. Cameron, July 1753. Wesket (January 9, 1795), for robbing the house of his master, the Earl of Harrington. John Harrington's porter was condemned yesterday. Cadogan and I have already bespoke places at the Brazier's. I presume we shall have your honour's company, if your stomach is not too squeamish for a single swing.-Gilly Williams to George Selwyn (Selwyn's Correspondence, vol. i. p. 323). Harrington's man was hanged last Wednesday. The dog died game-went in the cart in a blue and gold frock, and, as the emblem of innocence, had a white cockade in his hat. He ate several oranges on his passage, inquired if his hearse was ready, and then, as old Rowe used to say, was launched into eternity.-Gilly Williams to George Selwyn (Selwyn's Correspondence, vol. i. p. 355). Mrs. Brownrigg (September 14, 1767), for whipping two of her female apprentices to death. [See Flower de Luce Court.] John Rann, alias "Sixteen Stringed Jack," a noted highwayman (November 30, 1774), for robbing the Rev. Dr. Bell, the Princess Amelia's chaplain, in Gunnersbury Lane, near Brentford; he was remarkable for foppery in his dress, and particularly for wearing a bunch of sixteen strings at the knees of his breeches. The malefactor's coat was a bright pea-green; he had an immense nosegay, which he had received from the hand of one of the frail sisterhood, whose practice it was in those days to present flowers to their favourites from the steps of St. Sepulchre's church.-Smith's Book for a Rainy Day, p. 29. Daniel and Robert Perreau (January 17, 1776), for forgery. Daniel lived with the notorious Mrs. Rudd, who was said to have incited him to the crime and then betrayed him. Boswell described her as a lady universally celebrated for extraordinary address and insinuation."2 Dr. Dodd (June 27, 1777), for forging a bond in the name of the Earl of Chesterfield for £4200. He came in a coach, and a very heavy shower of rain fell just upon his entering the cart, and another just at his putting on his nightcap. During the shower an umbrella was held over his head, which Gilly Williams, who was present, observed was quite unnecessary, as the doctor was going to a place where he might be dried. He was a considerable time in praying, which some people standing about seemed rather tired with; they rather wished for a more interesting part of the tragedy. There were two clergymen attending on him, one of whom seemed very much affected 1 Walpole's Letters, vol. iv. p. 50. His wife was burned to death in 1807. |