10. What would be the cost of plastering a room 18 ft. long, 16 ft. wide, and 9 ft. high, at 22 cents a sq. yd.? Ans. $22.44.

11. What will be the expense of slating a roof 40 feet long and cach of the two sides 20 feet wide, at $10 per square? Ans. $160.

SURVEYORS' SQUARE MEASURE.

197. This measure is used by surveyors in computing the area or contents of land.

1 = 36 = 23040 = 230400 = 3686400 = 2304000000 SCALE-ascending, 625, 16, 10, 640, 36; descending, 36, 640, 10, 16,

625.

1. A square mile of land is also called a section.

2. Engineers commonly use a chain, or measuring tape 100 feet long, each foot divided into tenths.

3. The contents of land are commonly estimated in square miles, acres, and hundredths; the denomination, rood, is no longer used.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

1. How many poles in a township of land?

2. Reduce 3686400 P. to sq. mi.

3. In 94 A. 7 sq. ch. 12 P. 118 sq. 1. how many square

links?

4. What will be the cost of a farm containing 4550000 square links, at $50 per acre?

Repeat the table of surveyors' square measure.

Ans. $2275.

Give the scale.

III. CUBIC MEASURE.

198. A Cube is a solid, or body, having six cqual square sides, or faces. If each side of a cube be 1 yard, or 3 feet, 1 foot in thickness. of this cube will contain 3 × 3 × 1

=

9 cubic feet, and the whole cube will contain 3 × 3 × 3 = 27 cubic feet.

A solid, or body, may have the three dimensions all alike or all different. A body 4 ft. long, 3 ft. wide, and 2 ft. thick contains 4 x 3 x 224 cubic or solid feet. Hence,

The cubic or solid contents of a body are found by multiplying the length, breadth, and thickness together.

199. Cubic Measure, also called Solid Measure, is used in estimating the contents of solids, or bodies; as timber, wood, stone, etc.

TABLE.

1728 Cubic Inches (cu. in.) make 1 Cubic Foot.....

27 Cubic Feet

16 Cubic Feet

8 Cord Feet, or 128 Cubic Feet, S

213 Cubic Feet

.cu. ft.

SCALE-ascending, 1728, 27. The other numbers are not in a regular scale, but are merely so many times 1 foot. The unit equivalents, being fractional, are consequently omitted.

1. A cubic yard of earth is called a load.

2. Railroad and transportation companies estimate light freight by the space it occupies in cubic feet, and heavy freight by weight.

3. A pile of wood 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet high, contains 1 cord; and a cord foot is 1 foot in length of such a pile.

4. A perch of stone or of masonry is 16 feet long, 13 feet wide, and 1 foot high.

Define a cube. How are the contents of a cube or rectangular solid found? For what is cubic measure used? Repeat the table. Give the scale. How is railroad freight estimated ? What is understood by a cord foot? By a perch of stone or masonry ?

5. Joiners, bricklayers, and masons make no allowance for windows, doors, etc. Bricklayers and masons, in estimating their work by cubic measure, make no allowance for the corners of the walls of houses, cellars, etc., but estimate their work by the girt, that is, the entire length of the wall on the outside,

6. Engineers, in making estimates for excavations and embankments, take the dimensions with a line or measure divided into feet and decimals of a foot. The estimates are made in feet and decimals, and the results are reduced to cubic yards.

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

Ans. 216840. Ans. 4018.

1. In 125 cu. ft. 840 cu. in. how many cu. in.? 2. Reduce 5224 cubic feet to cords. 3. In a solid, 3 ft. 2 in. long, 2 ft. 2 in. wide, and 1 ft. 8 in. thick, how many cubic inches?

Ans. 19760. 4. How many small cubes, 1 inch on each edge, can be sawed from a cube 6 feet on each edge, allowing no waste for sawing? Ans. 373248.

5. In a pile of wood 60 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 15 feet high, how many cords? Ans. 140g. 6. How many cubic feet in a load of wood 10 feet long, 31 feet wide, and 34 feet high? Ans. 113 cu. ft.

7. If a load of wood be 12 feet long and 3 feet wide, how high must it be to make a cord? Ans. 35 ft. high.

8. The gray limestone of Central New York weighs 175 pounds a cubic foot. What is the weight of one solid yard? Ans. 2 T. 7 cwt. 25 lb.

9. A cellar wall, 32 ft. by 24 ft., is 6 ft. high and 1 ft. thick. What did it cost at $1.25 a perch? Ans. $50.909+. 10. What did it cost to dig the same cellar, at 15 cents a cubic yard? Ans. $25.60. 11. My sleeping room is 10 ft. long, 9 ft. wide, and 8 ft. high. If I breathe 10 cu. ft. of air in one minute, in how long a time will I breathe as much air as the room contains? Ans. 72 min.

12. In a school-room 30 ft. long, 20 ft. wide, and 10 ft. high, with 50 persons breathing each 10 cu. ft. of air in one minute, in how long a time will they breathe as much as the room contains? Ans. 12 min.

How are excavations and embankments measured?

MEASURES

OF CAPACITY.

I. LIQUID MEASURE.

200. Liquid Measure, also called Wine Measure, is used in measuring liquids; as liquors, molasses, water, etc.

hhd. 1 = = 311 = 126 252 = 1008

12=63 = 252 = 504 = 2016

SCALE-ascending, 4, 2, 4, 31, 2; descending, 2, 311, 4, 2, 4

The following denominations are also in use:

1. The denominations, barrel and hogshead, are used in estimating the capacity of cisterns, reservoirs, vats, etc.

2. The tierce, hogshead, pipe, butt, and tun are the names of casks, and do not express any fixed or definite measures. They are usually gauged, and have their capacities in gallons marked on them.

3. Ale or beer measure, formerly used in measuring beer, ale, and milk, is almost entirely discarded.

What is liquid measure? Repeat the table. Give the scale. What other denominations are sometimes used? How are the capacities of cisterns, reservoirs, etc., reckoned? Of large casks?

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

1. In 2 hhd. 1 bar. 30 gal. 2 | qt. 1 pt. 3 gi. how many gills?

OPERATION.

2 hhd. 1 bar. 30 gal. 2 qt.

2

5 bbl.

311

21

185

1871 gal.

4

752 qt. 2

1505 pt. 4

6023 gi., Ans.

[1 pt. 3 gi.

2. In C023 gi. how many hhds.?

3. Reduce 3 hogsheads to gills.

4. Reduce 6048 gills to hogsheads.

5. In 13 hhd. 15 gal. 1 qt. how many pints?

6. In 6674 pints how many hogsheads?

7. What will be the cost of a hogshead of wine, at 6 cents a gill?

Ans. $120.96.

8. A grocer bought 10 barrels of cider, at $2 a barrel; after converting it into vinegar, he retailed it all at 5 cents a quart; what was his whole gain? Ans. $43.

9. At 6 cents a pint, how much molasses can be bought for $3.84 ? Ans. 8 gal. 10. How many demijohns, that will contain 2 gal. 2 qt. 1 pt. each, can be filled from a hogshead of wine? Ans. 24.

II. DRY MEASURE.

201. Dry Measure is used in measuring articles not liquid, as grain, fruit, salt, roots, ashes, etc.

What is dry measure?