Piton-bark Piton-bark, same as Caribbee-bark. Pittsburgh and immense sacrifices and burdens on his country. In 1800 the Irish union Pitt, Earl of Chatham. See Chatham was accomplished. In 1801 the opposi(William Pitt, Earl of). tion of the king to all further concession Pitt, WILLIAM, second son of the Earl to the Irish Catholics caused Pitt to of Chatham, born in 1759; died resign his post. The Peace of Amiens in 1806. He possessed a remarkably succeeded, and Pitt for a time supported precocious intellect, but his physical the Addington administration which conpowers were weak. He was educated cluded it, but afterwards joined the opprivately till his fourteenth year, when position. The new minister, who had he entered Cambridge. He was called to the bar in 1780, and entered parliament the following year as member for Appleby. His success in the house was of unparalleled rapidity. He supported Burke's financial reform bill, and spoke in favor of parliamentary reform; became chancellor of the exchequer at twenty-three, under the Earl of Shelburne, and in the following year attained the position of prime minister. Although William Pitt. From the statue by Chantrey. strongly supported by the sovereign, he stood opposed to a large majority of the House of Commons, and a dissolution took place in March, 1786. At the gen renewed the war, unable to maintain his eral election which followed the voice Pittsburg (pitzburg), a city of Craw- a city, capital of Allegheny Co., Pennsylvaso much éclat to the early period of his nia, in the angle between the Monongaadministration. The establishment of the hela and the Allegheny rivers where they delusive scheme of a sinking fund fol- unite to form the Ohio, 260 miles w. by N. lowed in 1786, and his Regency Bill in of Philadelphia, and on the Pennsylvania, 1788. The French revolution now broke the Baltimore & Ohio, and six other out, and in 1793 war arose between Great trunk railroads. It is admirably situBritain and France, a conflict which ated for trade, having ample river and brought a heavy responsibility on Pitt, railway connection with the great com "THE POINT"-PITTSBURGH A picturesque view of the great city on the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, described by its Chamber of Commerce. as the world's workshop.' Pittsfield Pius II mercial emporiums of the East, West, valley of the Berkshire Hills, the Hoosac and South, while in the neighborhood range to the east, the Taconic range to there are immense and cheaply-obtainable the west; altitude, 1037 feet. It has great coal supplies. These exceptional advan- electrical works, the largest stationery tages have made Pittsburgh the chief cen- plant in the U. S., textile mills, paper mill ter of the American iron and steel in- machinery mills, silk braid factories, etc., dustry; smelting furnaces, foundries, also a government paper mill; here the rolling-mills, etc., being numerous and Liberty bonds were made. Among its noon a very large scale. The pig-iron table buildings are the Berkshire County product is about one-fourth of that of Museum, Berkshire Athenæum, court the whole country and the steel product house, etc. Pop. (1910) 32,121; (1920) more than one-half. The glass manu- 41,751. factures of Pittsburgh also rank first in Pittston (pitz'tun), a city of Luzerne importance in the United States; cotton Co., Pennsylvania, on the goods, leather, earthenware, white lead, Susquehanna River, in the Wyoming Valsoda, tobacco, beer, and spirits are largely ley, 9 miles N. E. of Wilkes-Barre. Here produced; but the chief products are are extensive anthracite-coal industries, iron and steel, hardware and machinery, planing, knitting, paper, and silk mills, electrical appliances, railroad brakes, cars iron works, cut-glass factory, etc. The St. and locomotives, steel bridges, aluminum, John's Academy is located here. Pittston glass, coal, and coke. In addition to is on five railroads and is an important coal, this city is the center of an exten- business center. Pop. (1910) 16,267; Pittsburgh consists of the town proper Pituitary Body rounded body of sive petroleum and natural gas field. (1920) 18.497. (pi-tû'i-ta-ri), a and of several large suburbs, and with those that are on the opposite side of the size of a small bean found in the sella the rivers the connection is kept up by turcica, a saddle-shaped cavity of the numerous bridges, comprising some very sphenoid bone in the floor of the cavity excellent examples on the suspension of the skull. Its function appears to be principle. Of the adjacent places, which, related to that of the thyroid gland. though separately incorporated, were long Pityriasis (pit-i-ri'a-sis), a chronic regarded as suburbs of Pittsburgh, the and non-contagious inflammost important is Allegheny, on the right mation of the skin, manifesting itself in bank of the Allegheny River, a favorite red spots or patches on which minute residence with the wealthier classes. It scales are produced, thrown off as soon has now become a corporate part of Pitts- as formed, and as quickly renewed. It burgh and the combined cities possess may affect any part, and, though seldom, many fine public buildings and institu- many parts of the body at the same time; tions. Among these may be named the but the commonest is the P. capitis, on Carnegie Library and Institute building the head, when the scales are popularly (with a large library, music-hall, art known as scurf or dandruff. Mild forms gallery and natural history museum), the generally yield to warm bathing and a amply-endowed Carnegie Schools of Tech- light diet, if persevered in; but more nology, the Phipps Conservatory, the obstinate cases can only be thoroughly United States Arsenal, the University of cured by a radical change in the system, Pittsburgh, the Pennsylvania College for produced by suitable regimen and treatWomen, the Exposition buildings, the ment. Roman Catholic and St. Paul's cathe Piura (pe-ö'rå), a town of Northern drals, various municipal buildings and Peru, capital of province of charitable institutions, etc. Pittsburgh same name, connected by railway with its occupies the site of a fort called Du port, Payta. Pop. about 12,000. Quesne, which was built by the French Pius II (pi'us; ENEAS SYLVIUS in 1754. It was afterwards captured by the British, in 1758, and named in honor of William Pitt. Allegheny was joined to it by act of the legislature, sustained by a decision of the United States Supreme Court, in 1907. Its population in 1900 was 321,616; that of Allegheny 129.896; making 451.512. In 1910 the population of the consolidated city totaled 533,905; in 1920, 588.193. Pittsfield (pitz'feld), a city, county seat of Berkshire Co., Mass., 151 miles w. of Boston, in the main PICCOLOMINI), pope, born in 1405; died in 1464. He was descended from an illustrious Tuscan family, and studied at the University of Siena. He became secretary to Cardinal Capranica, and the Council of Basel in 1431; to the anti-pope. Felix V in 1439, and to Frederick III of Germany in 1442. The emperor sent him as an imperial ambassador to a diet at Ratisbon, and in 1446 to Pope Eugenius IV to negotiate the submission of Germany. He gained the favor of Eugenius, whom he had formerly Pius V opposed, and by his successor was created bishop of Trieste in 1447, and cardinal in 1456. He succeeded Calixtus III as pontiff in 1458. In 1460 he published a bull condemning the doctrine he had in former years so vigorously defended: the superiority of a general council to the pope. Fius II was one of the most learned men of his age, and left some valuable and interesting historical works, orations, and letters. Pius IX aimed at re-establishing the old order of things, and to gain it he tried to conciliate Napoleon by attending his coronation. He aroused the open enmity of the emperor by refusing to be present at the coronation in Milan, and to recognize his brother Joseph as king of Na ples; the results being another occupation of Rome by French troops (February 2, 1808), the incorporation of the papal cities, and shortly after of Rome itself, Pius V (MICHELE GHISLERI), pope, with the Kingdom of Italy, and the arrest born in 1504; died in 1572. of the pope (July 6, 1809) and his conHe was raised to the cardinalate by Paul finement in Savona and afterwards at IV in 1557, appointed inquisitor in Lom- Fontainebleau. In 1814 he was released bardy, then inquisitor-general, and chosen and restored to the possession of all the pope in 1565. He chiefly distinguished papal territories except Avignon and himself by his zeal for conversion of Venaissin in France, and a narrow strip Protestants and Jews; the bull in Cana of land beyond the Po. His subsequent Domini was renewed by him, and the government was politically and ecclesiauthority of the Index Expurgatorius astically of a reactionary_character. enforced. In 1570 he excommunicated Pius IX (GIOVANNI MARIA MASTAI Elizabeth of England. He lent his influFERRETTI), pope, born in ence and assistance to Charles IX of 1792, was destined for 2 military career, France against his Protestant subjects, and on the restoration of Pius VII enand to the Venetians and Spaniards in tered the Guardia Nobile of the Vatican, their war against the Turks. He was but soon after adopted the clerical procanonized by Clement XI. fession. He held various ecclesiastical Pius VI (GIOVANNI ANGELO offices under Leo XII, who appointed BRASCEI), pope, born at him Archbishop of Spoleto in 1827, and Cesena in 1717; died at Valence in 1799. to the see of Imola in 1832. Here he He held impor.aut offices under several acquired much popularity by his libera! pontiffs, was raised to the cardinalate tendencies. He further showed his by Clement XIV and succeeded him in benevolent nature during a mission to 1775. Several beneficent reforms were Naples at the time of a cholera epidemic, introduced by him in the finance depart- when he sold his plate, furniture, and ment; he also improved the Vatican equipage to relieve the sufferers. AlMuseum, drained the Pontine marshes, though raised to the cardinalate in 1840, reconstructed the port of Ancona, and he resided in his diocese until his election embellished Rome. The French revolu- to the pontificate in 1846. His accession tion, however, hastened the decay of the was signalized by the release of 2000 temporal power of the holy see. In political prisoners, followed by a com1791 Avignon and the county of Venais- plete amnesty; and Italy was to be free sin were reunited to France; by the and independent under a libera! constitreaty of Tolentino (1797) he lost the tution. But the Italians, who wanted Romagna, Bologna, and Ferrara; and on to be free of the Austrians, flocked under the 15th of February, 1798, General Ber- the banner of Charles Albert, and Pio thier established the Roman republic, de- Nono, as pontiff, found himself obliged prived the pope of his authority, and to interfere. Disaster, bloodshed, and conveyed him as a prisoner to France, anarchy followed, and he had himself to where he died the following year. seek safety in flight. A Roman republic Pius VII (GREGORIO BARNABA was proclaimed (Feb., 1849), with Maz CHIARAMONTI), pope, zini at its head. Louis Napoleon, presiborn at Cesena in 1742; died in 1823. dent of the French republic, sent At the age of sixteen he was received into expedition to Rome, which defeated the the order of Benedictines, served as Italian patriots under Garibaldi, and teacher in several abbeys, and subse- occupied the city (July 3). The pope quently became professor of philosophy returned in April, 1850, but he left the in Parma, and of theology in Rome. direction of state affairs principally in Pius VI created him bishop of Tivoli, the hands of his secretary of state, Carcardinal and bishop of Imola; and his dinal Antonelli. On the death of that friendly attitude towards the Cisalpine distinguished prelate, Pio Nono again Republic secured him the favor of bestowed his whole attention on the France, and the election to the papal church. He recalled the Jesuits, canonchair in 1800. After his accession he ized saints, countenanced miracles, and an |