Revere

plays along the flat arch which surmounts the whole, reflecting or reverberating the heat downwards. The rever

Revival

grant is over. In insurance business a reversion is an annuity or other benefit, the enjoyment of which begins after a certain number of years, or after some specified event, as a death or birth. Revetment (re-vet'ment; French, revêtement), in fortification, is a retaining wall placed against the sides of a rampart or ditch. In fieldworks it may be of turf, timber, hurdles, and the like; but in permanent works it is usually of stone or brick. The exterior faces of these walls are considered as the scarp and counterscarp of the ditch. Review (re- vũ), an inspection of military or naval forces by an officer of high rank or by a distinguished personage, which may be accompanied with maneuvers and evolutions. Reviews. See Periodicals.

Revise (re-viz'), among printers, a second or third proof of a sheet

beratory furnace gives free access of air to the material, and is employed for oxidizing impurities in metals, and for other similar purposes. Revere re-ver'), PAUL, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, Jan. 1, 1735, was one of the earliest American to be printed, taken off in order to be engravers and an active patriot in the compared with the last proof, to see Revolution. He was one of those who that all the mistakes marked in it have destroyed the tea in Boston harbor, and been corrected. See Proof Impression.

he earned fame by riding from Charles- Revising Barrister, in England,

town towards Concord on the night of one of a numApril 18, 1775, to give warning of the ber of barristers appointed annually for British expedition, which was resisted the purpose of examining or revising the next day at Lexington and Concord; a list of parliamentary voters, and settling service immortalized in Longfellow's the question of their qualification to vote poem, The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere. During the war he rose to be lieutenantcolonel of artillery. In 1801 he erected works for rolling copper at Canton, Massachusetts, still carried on by his successors. He died May 10. 1818.

duties performed in Scotland by the sheriff-substitute. The revising barristers' courts are held in the autumn. Revival (re-vi'val), a term applied to religious awakenings in the Christian church, and to the occur

Revere, a city of Suffolk Co., Mass., rence of extensive spiritual quickening adjoining Boston, on the and conversion in the general community. coast. Revere Beach is a noted resort. The first great revival in Europe was the Pop. (1920) 28,823. Reformation in the sixteenth century, Reverend (rev'er-end), a title of re- which awoke the church from the sleep of spect given to clergymen centuries. When religion had degenerand other ecclesiastics. In England ated into formalism in England in the bishops are right reverend, archbishops seventeenth century a second revival of most reverend, deans very reverend, and spiritual interest was accomplished the lower clergy reverend. In Scotland through the instrumentality of the the principals of the universities, if Puritans. When the church had once clergymen, are very reverend, and like- more sunk into a state of sloth and wise the moderator of the General As- apathy in the eighteenth century, it was sembly; all the other clergy reverend, as aroused by the preaching of Whitfield, the also in the United States. Wesleys, Rowland Hill, and other earnest men. Coincident with this movement was the origin of missions to the heathen. But it was reserved for recent times to witness in the United States and Great Britain perhaps the most remarkable religious revival which has been witnessed

Reverse (re-vers'), in numismatics,
the side of a medal or coin
opposite to that on which the head or
principal figure is impressed. The latter
is called the obverse.
Reversion (re-ver'shun), in law, the
residue of an estate left in
the granter, to commence in possession
after the determination of the particular
estate granted by him. The estate re-
turns to the granter or his heirs after the

since the era of the Reformation. Movements of this nature, but of limited extent, have not been infrequent in the American churches, as in 1736 and 1830: but the great revival which originated in

Revival of Learning

Revolver

the United States in 1858 subsequently independence of 1775-83; in French hisextended to the British Islands, and was tory to the upheaval of 1789; and in experienced with more or less power Chinese history to the overturning of the throughout almost every part of the government in 1911. Subsequent French world. New York and Philadelphia were revolutions were those of 1830, 1848, and the principal centers of the movement, 1871.

which became universal in the United Revolutionary War. See United

States, embracing all denominations and

1859 the revival extended to the north of

States. all classes of society. In the summer of Revolver (re-vol'ver), a variety of firearm in which a number Ireland, chiefly through the agency of the of charges contained in a revolving Presbyterian Church, and from there to cylinder are, by pulling the trigger, Scotland, Wales and various parts of Eng- brought successively into position and land. A later revival movement was fired through a single barrel. For the that initiated by the two American introduction of the revolver in its present evangelists,' D. L. Moody and Ira D. form we are indebted to Colonel Samuel Sankey, the latter a singer, whose hymns Colt, of the United States, though reaided Moody's sermons in arousing reli- peating pistols had long been known in gious feeling. The movement commenced other countries. These were made from in 1873 in England, but it attained no one mass of metal bored into the requisgreat prominence until the arrival of ite number of barrels, but were so clumsy the two evangelists in Edinburgh. Their as to be almost useless. In Colt's weapon ministrations in that city, and after- there is a revolving cylinder containing wards in Glasgow, Dundee, and other six chambers placed at the base of the towns in Scotland, and also in England barrel, each chamber having at its rear and Ireland, up to August, 1875, were at- end a nipple for a cap. These contain tended daily by multitudes of people, a the cartridges, which are put in from the remarkable feature of these assemblies front of the breech-piece and driven home being the presence in great numbers of by a lever ramrod placed in a socket the upper ranks of society, even to mem- beneath the barrel. The revolver is fired bers of the peerage and royal family. through the single barrel, the cylinder On their return to the United States they being turned by mechanism connected headed a similar movement there; and with the lock, until each chamber in sucthey paid a second and equally successful cession is brought round so as to form visit to Britain in 1883-84. The Salva- virtually a continuation of the barrel. tion Army, which was originated in 1865 Various modifications of Colt's revolver and organized under its present name in have been introduced, with the view in 1878, may be regarded as a permanent some cases of increasing the rapidity and revival organization. See Salvation facility of firing, in others of diminishing Army. In 1896 Billy' Sunday (see by safeguards the risks to which inexSunday) began a series of remarkable re- perienced hands must ever be exposed in vivals in various cities of the United the use of these weapons. In the Smith States, and after the campaign in Phila- and Wesson revolver, one of the most redelphia in 1915 his converts were reported facility in loading is a feature, the cylincent (adopted by Austria and Russia), to number about 300,000. His sermons, der and barrel together being pivoted to in racy, colloquial English, carried a very the front of the stock, so that by setting strong popular appeal; and his campaigns the hammer at half-cock, raising a springwere notable for their careful business or- catch, and lowering the muzzle, the botganization. He required an appeal from tom of the cylinder is turned up to receive the churches of a city before undertaking fresh metallic cartridges. When this is a revival, and their active co-operation done the muzzle is pressed back until during the campaign period. the snap-catch fastens it to the back plate, Revival of Learning. See Re and the revolver is again ready to be naissance. fired. In the latest form of this revolver Revolution (rev-u-lu'shun), the more the spent cartridges are thrown out of or less sudden, and it the cylinder by means of an automatic may be violent, overturning of a govern- discharger. Several other forms of the ment or political sy. tem, with the substi- revolver are in use, their principal featution of something else. The term rev- tures being means to facilitate loading olution is applied distinctively in Eng- and firing. The revolver principle lish history to the convulsion by which also been applied to rifles, and to gus James II was driven from the throne in for throwing small projectiles as in the 1688; in American history to the war of Gatling and ether machine guns

Revolving Furnace, with a rotary thronged with the wealth and fashion of

a furnace pel and Lord Edgcumbe, his studio was

motion, used in some chemical manufac- the metropolis, and the most famous men tures of malleable iron. The revolving and the fairest women of the time were furnace has superseded the reverberatory among his sitters, so that he rapidly acfurnace in many processes.

The western front, showing the famous rose window and the many statues which guard the door. This edifice, one of the finest Gothic structures in Europe, suffered severely in the European War, the roof and many of its exquisite windows being destroyed