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TABLE NO. 5.

GIVING THE NUMBER OF UNVENTILATED SCHOOLHOUSES, WITH THE TIME THE AVERAGE ATTENDANCE WOULD RENDER THE AIR UNFIT FOR RESPIRATION.

COUNTIES.

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61

33

521

143552

31 4373 3221

1213∞O 2 2 431

125ISTS363

79

541

8556

1

268

76

46

451

568

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schoolhouses are constructed upon principles exceedingly dangerous to the health of the pupil. It is probably true that the figures somewhat magnify the actual defects in the schoolhouses represented, since the walls of the rooms are not totally impervious to air, and more or less is undoubtedly admitted by the crevices around the windows and doors, even with the schoolroom closed. This would in a slight degree lessen the defects as shown by the table, but would not materially impair the force of the statements made.

To appreciate the defects which Table No. 6 exhibits, it is necessary to understand the amount of lighting space needful to secure the best results in the schoolroom. This has been estimated by various specialists, a majority of whom agree that the total lighting area of a room should not be less than 25 per cent of its floor area. Some authorities, however, have placed the figures as low as 163 per cent (one sixth of the floor area), while others have considered 30 per cent as little enough. It is certain that not less than the minimum amount stated above should be considered sufficient for any schoolroom, however favorably situated. A glance at Table 6 shows that a majority of the schoolrooms fall far below any allowable standard in this respect. In 1,068 schoolrooms the lighting area is less than 163 per cent of the floor area, and in 488 rooms it does not exceed 10 per cent, and in 26 rooms it is 5 per cent and under. It will therefore be seen that according to the best authorities, our schoolrooms are insufficiently lighted in a majority of cases. In 347 rooms the windows are protected by neither blinds, curtains, or shutters.

Table 7 alone is sufficient to condemn our schoolhouse architecture. If it had been the direct object to destroy the eyesight of the pupils, better plans could not have been produced than evidently exist in regard to location of windows in these rooms. The arrangement in most of the rooms is abominable, and cannot fail to have an exceedingly bad effect upon the eyesight of the scholars. In four hundred and two rooms there are windows directly in front of the pupils, a condition which should be prohibited by the strictest law. In two hundred and seventy-one rooms light is admitted from all sides, and in seven hundred and eighty-one from three sides.

TABLE NO. 6.

SHOWING PER CENT OF LIGHTING SPACE TO FLOOR SPACE; ALSO HOW THE WINDOWS ARE SHADED.

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Totals.

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13 per cent. 14 per cent.

15 per cent. 16 per cent.

17 per cent. | 18 per cent. 19 per cent.

20 to 25 per cent. 25 to 30 per cent. Over 30 per cent.

20 per cent.

Blinds.
Curtains.

Both.

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It is universally conceded by all experts in school hygiene that whenever possible light should be admitted from one side only, and in no case from more than two sides of the room. In the latter case it must be in such a manner as not to produce crosslights. In Germany the law requires that the light shall be admitted from the ceiling or from one side only. Dr. Buck, in his treatise on hygiene, informs us that short-sightedness, dimness, and darkness of sight are increasing generally among school children, and that defective eyesight is much greater where the schoolrooms are poorly planned in regard to window arrange

ment.

Short-sightedness is very generally produced in the schoolroom. So well known is this fact that it has been classed as an affection belonging principally to the educated. It is no wonder that these schools report six hundred near-sighted pupils, as will be seen by reference to Table 10.

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water supply what

It will be seen that 180 schools have no ever, 372 depend upon neighbors' wells, 42 obtain water from brooks, 2 from rivers, while the reports do not state whether those under "well" and "spring" belong to the schools or not. In 90 schools the supply is reported to be in danger of pollution; and if the danger was sufficiently apparent to be noticed by the teacher, it is not to be presumed that it was imaginary. As the sources of pollution are often hidden, it is not unreasonable to suppose that many other wells are in as much danger as those surrounded by nuisances visible to the teacher. Evidently no attempt is made in many instances to furnish a good supply of water for the pupils. They are allowed to quench their thirst wherever they can find water, whether from a source free from contamination or badly polluted. In schools not supplied with water, the pupils usually go to the nearest point where it can be obtained; and this is not infrequently at a farmhouse well, which must from its very location be polluted. Indeed, pupils have been known to drink water from a polluted stable well, because the owner of the premises objected to the annoyance incident to their obtaining it from the family well.

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