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SOLID MEASURE.

Not only the measure of every thing that has length, breadth and depth, but all measures of capacity are included in this article, whether liquid or dry, whether of one bulk or .collective bulks.

A solid foot is 12 inches long, 12 inches broad, and 12 inches deep, therefore contains 1728 solid inches. The denominations most in use are as follows ;

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LIQUID MEASURE.

4 Naggins (Nag.)....... make ....... One Pint.......P.

2 Pints....

2 Quarts...

2 Pottles or 8 Pints.

42 Gallons

63 Gallons..

84 Gallons..... 2 Hhds...

2 Pipes or 4 Hhds.

One Quart.....Qt.

One Pottle.....Pot.

One Gallon... Gal.

One Tierce.....T.

One Hogshead. Hhd
One Puncheon.
One Pipe or Butt.
One-Tun.

The gallon appointed to be used for measuring all kinds of liquids, or such dry goods as are sold by measure in Ireland, except as relates to the duty on spirits, is 217, cubic or solid inches, and 40 gallons are a barrel of ale, though the vessel usually holds 42.

In England, the wine gallon is 231, and the ale and beer gallon 282 cubic or solid inches.

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In England, is used to measure corn, and other dry goods; but as they are generally sold by weight in Ireland, the measure is but little used. The denominations are as follow:

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5 Quarters..

2 Weys..

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..N, B.-The quarter-wey and last are wholly in disuse in Ireland.

The Winchester bushel is a round measure, 18 inches in diameter, and 8 inches deep, and contains 2150 cubic or solid inches.

The chaldron of coals at London, contains 36 heaped Winchester bushels, and weighs on an average about 28 Cwt. according to the quality of the coals.

A Newcastle chaldron weighs 53 cwt. 8 chaldrons or 21 ton; 4 cwt. make a keel.

Dry measure being, as before observed, of little use, examples of addition are not necessary.

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A thread or bar 39 inches long, with a small weight at one end, and freely suspended at the other, being set in motion, each vibration or swing in this latitude, is the measure of a second, hence the following division.

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365 days, or 8766 hours make one Julian year; 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 48 seconds, one Solar year. This 08casions every fourth year to have 366 days, which is called leap year, but as this is rather too much, every hundredth year is counted a common year, except such complete centuries as are exactly divisible by 4, as 2000, 2400, &c.

The year is also divided into 12 unequal calendar months, the names of which are:-1 -first, January; second, February; third, March; fourth, April; fifth, May; sixth, June; seventh, July; eighth, August; ninth, September; tenth, October; eleventh, November, and twelfth, December. Of these, April, June, September, and November have 30 days each, and the rest, except February, have 31 days each. In leap years, February has 29 days, and in common years 28 days. The

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number of days in each month may be very easily remembered by recollecting, that the first seven are long and short alternately; and again the remaining five, long and short alalternately. And taking them in numerical order, they are— 1, 3, 5, 7, long; 2, 4, 6, short; 8, 10, 12, long, and 9, 11, short. The short months, with the exception of the second or February, being each 30 days, and the long 31 days each.*

Leap year may be known by dividing the numbers expressed by the two last figures, in the number of the year, according to the Christian era, by 4: if there is no remainder, it is leap year; otherwise the remainder shows how many years it is after leap year. To this there are the exceptions respecting the centuries before noticed.

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This table is used in Astronomical and Geographical calculations.

Examples of Addition are not necessary.

* In mercantile transactions, numerically reckoning the months has some advantages. If I have a bill passed, suppose in January, payable 3 months after date, January being the first month, I add thereto the number of mouths, the bill has to run, and instantly discover it will be due or payable in the 4th month, without the necessity of seperately counting the months.

SUBTRACTION DIVERS DENOMINATIONS

OR,

COMPOUND SUBTRACTION.

PLACE the numbers to be subtracted under each other, as before directed in Addition, and place the greatest uppermost.

Begin at the right hand, and subtract each number in the lower line, from that above it, and write down the several remainders.

When the lower number is greater than that above it, subtract it from as many as make one of the next higher denomination, to the remainder add the upper number, and the sum will be the whole remainder, carry this one which was borrowed to the number of the next denomination, which subtract as before, and thus proceed to the highest, which subtract as in whole numbers.

When the number in the lower line is equal to that above it, write a cipher in the remainder, unless the figure or figures in the next lower denomination, already subtracted, was or were greater than the figure or figures in the top line immediately above it, in which case one more should be subtracted.*

If there are an equal number of farthings, or other parts annexed to the lowest denomination, the cipher is always to be omitted.

The method of proof is the same as in simple subtraction.

*The above rule is best illustrated by an example.

Let £397 12 54 be subtracted from £436 0 0

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Hence, the reason of borrowing, both in simple and compound numbers, plainly appears, and the same method may be easily applied to other compound quantities.

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