SURVEYORS' LINEAR MEASURE. 269. Surveyors' Linear Measure is used by survey. ors and engineers in measuring the dimensions of land, distances, etc. I. NAME.-Gunter's Chain is named after the reputed inventor, Edmund Gunter, an English mathematician, born 1581. II. UNIT.-The unit is a chain called Gunter's Chain, which consists of 100 links, and is 4 rods, 66 feet, or 792 inches long. III. The denomination rods is seldom used by surveyors, distances being represented in chains and links. Since each link is of a chain, the number of links is generally expressed as a decimal; thus, 5 chains and 47 links are written 5.47 chains. Engineers generally use a chain 100 feet long. MARINERS' AND CLOTH MEASURES. 270. Mariners' Measure is used by seamen in measaring distances, the depth of the sea, etc. Cloth Measure is used for measuring cloth, ribbons, etc. I. The foot and yard of these two measures are the linear foot and yard. The nail in Cloth Measure is obsolete. At the custom-houses the yard is divided into tenths, hundredths, etc. = 1 EU II. In the old table of Cloth Measure there were given 3 qrs. Flem sh; 5 qrs. 1 Ell English; 6 qrs.: = 1 Ell French; 6 qrs. 1 in. = 1 Ell Scotch. How many MENTAL EXERCISES. 1. Inches in a chain? 2. Feet in a chain? a fathom? 3. Feet in 6 fathoms? WRITTEN EXERCISES. 1. Reduce 4 miles to links. Ans. 32000 li. Ans. 62300 li. Ans. 8 mi. 816 fath. Ans. 124 ch. 70 li. in. MEASURES OF SURFACE. 271. A Surface is that which has length and breadth without thickness. 272. A Square is a plane surface which has four equal sides and four right angles. 273. All Surfaces are measured by ascertaining the number of times they contain a small square regarded as the unit of measure. Thus, in the surface in the margin there are three rows of squares, each row containing 4 squares; hence there are 3 times 4 or 12 squares in all; and since these make up the entire surface, the measure of the surface, called its area, is 12 square units. SURFACE OR SQUARE MEASURE. 274. Surface or Square Measure is used in measuring surfaces, as land, boards, amount of painting, papering. plastering, paving, etc. I. TERMS.-Perch is from the French perche, a pole; acre was primarily an open plowed or sowed field. II. UNIT.-The unit for land is the acre: for other surfaces it is usually the square yard. III. The Perch is a surface equal to a square rod. The rood is found now only in cld title-deeds and surveys; it is equal to 40 perches. IV A square piece of land, measuring 209 feet, or about 70 paces on each Ade. quals very nearly one acre. How many MENTAL EXERCISES. 1. Square inches in 3 sq. ft.? 5 sq. ft.? 5. Roods in 160 P.? 15 A.? 6. Acres in 84 R.? 3 sq. mi. 7. What is the difference between 3 feet square and 3 square feet! between 4 inches square and 4 square inches? WRITTEN EXERCISES. 1. Reduce 9870 P. to acres. Ans. 61 A. 110 P. Ans. 94681 sq. yd. Ans. 166889 sq. ft. Ans. 4295268 sq. in. Ans. 5 A. 77 P. 211 sq. ft. 108 sq. in. 6. 9876543 sq. in. to acres. Ans. 1 A. 91 P. 252 sq. ft. 51 sq. in. SURVEYORS' SQUARE MEASURE. 275. Surveyors' Square Measure is used by survey ors in computing the area of land. 10,000 square links (sq. li.) 10 square chains 640 acres TABLE. 36 sq. mi. (6 miles square) Also 625 sq. li. = = = = 1 perch; 16 perches acre; or 40 perches = 1 rood; 4 roods 1 1 sq. chain; 10 sq. ch. - 1 acre. The perch and rood are not so much used as formerly, the contents of land being commonly esti mated in square miles, acres, and hundredths. auow many MENTAL EXERCISES. Square links in 4 sq. ch.? 2. Square chains in 60000 sq. li.? 6 Townships in 72 sq. mi.? 144 sq. mi.? WRITTEN EXERCISES. 1. Reduce 21 sq.,mi. 65 A. 9 sq. ch. to sq. links. Ans. 1350590000 sq. li. 2. Reduce 1,000,000 sq. li. to acres. 3. 2 Tp. 21 sq. mi. 47 A. to sq. ch. Ans. 595670 sq. ch. 4. 8700 sq. chains to sq. miles. Ans. 1 sq. mi. 230 A. 5. 3 Tp. 250 A. 9 sq. ch. to sq. links. Ans. 6937090000. MEASURES OF VOLUME. 276. A Volume is that which has length, breadth and thickness, or height. A volume is also called a solid. 277. A Cube is a volume bounded by six equal squares. 278. All Volumes are measured by ascertaining the number of times they contain a small cube regarded as a unit of measure. Thus, in the cube in the margin, it will be seen that there are 3 times 3, or 9 cubes upon one surface, and since there are three such layers, there are 3 times 9, or 27 little cubes in all; and since these make up the entire volume, the measure of the cube, called its contents, is 27 cubic units. CUBIC, OR SOLID MEASURE 279. Cubic, or Solid Measure is used in measuring things which have length, breadth, and thickness. I. A cord of wood, so named from being originally measured by a cord, or string, is a pile 8 ft. long, 4 ft. wide, and 4 ft. high. A cord foot is a part of this pile 1 ft. long; it equals 16 cubic feet. See Art. 358. I The ton of 40 ft. for round, or 50 ft. for hewn timber, is seldom used. How many MENTAL EXERCISES. 1. Inches in 2 cu. ft.? 4 cu. ft.? 2. Feet in 3 cu. yd.? 5 cd. ft.? 3. Cubic yards in 81 cu. ft.? 4. Feet in 6 cd.? in 4 cd.? 5. Cords in 256 cu. ft.? 72 cd. ft.7 6. Cubic yards in 135 cu. ft.? between a 2 inch cube and 2 cubic 7. What is the difference inches? between a 3 inch cube and 3 cubic inches? 5. In 78 cords of wood how many cubic inches? Ans. 17252352. 6. In 5876543 cubic inches how many cords of wood? Ans. 26 cd. 72 cu. ft. 1343 cu. in. MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 280. Measures of Capacity are volumes used to determine the quantity of fluids and many dry substances. 281. Measures of capacity are therefore of two kinds; Measures of Liquids and Measures of Dry Substances. 282. Liquid Measures are of two kinds,-Liquid or Wine Measure and Apothecaries' Fluid Measure. LIQUID OR WINE MEASURE. 283. Liquid or Wine Measure is used for measuring all kinds of liquids. I. NAME. It is called Wine Measure because wine was measured by it. while beer was measured by another measure. II. TERMS.-Gill is from Low Latin gilla, a drinking-glass; pint is from he Anglo-Saxon pyndan, to shut in, to pen, or from the Greek pinto, to Irink; quart is from the Latin quartus, a fourth. The derivation of gallon is not clear; in the French, a galon is a grocer's box. III. UNIT. The standard unit of wine measure is the gallon, which contains 231 cubic inches, and will hold a little more than 83 lb. Av. of distilled water. This is called the Winchester gallon, from the standard having been formerly kept at Winchester, England. IV. Barrels and hogsheads are of variable capacity. The table values are used in estimating the capacity of wells, cisterns, vats, etc. In Massachusetts, the barrel is estimated at 32 gallons. A pint of water weighs |