Lieutenant-general; in 1815, a Knight Commander of the Bath; and soon afterwards he received the Colonelcy of the 6th West India regiment. The Lieutenant-general was next invested with the command in chief at Bombay, whither he sailed in 1816. He remained there till 1819, when he returned to England. On the 19th of February, 1820, he was appointed Colonel of the 49th Foot. At the time of this officer's death, which occurred at Gloucester, in the month of October, he had been several vears one of the representatives in Parliament of the borough of Eye, in Suffolk. He was in his sixty-first year. INCIDENTS, ECCLESIASTICAL PREFERMENTS, APPOINTMENTS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. Criminal Laws.-A public Meeting was held last month in London for the consideration of a petition to Parliament respecting the infliction of death for inadequate crimes. There were not above fifty Gentlemen present, owing, it was said by one of the Committee who called the Meeting, to the shortness of the notice requiring their attendance. The Chairman considered the penal code of such a sanguinary character as to be a disgrace to a civilized nation, and mentioned several instances of the unequal infliction of punishment for offences. A monster, who murdered a defenceless woman, after committing dreadful atrocities on her person, could only be hanged; whilst a man who had stolen a sheep to feed a starving family, or who had forged to the value of 10s. would have appeared on the same scaffold with the murderer. Mr. Hunt read certain resolutions, expressing the opinion of the meeting, "that the sacrifice of human life for the crimes that did not endanger the existence of society, was degrading to the character of the country, and involved the breach of a high moral principle." The resolutions were agreed to, and a petition founded on them drawn up, and ordered to be conveniently placed in London and Westminster for signatures. Several Gentlemen addressed the Meeting on the object of the petition. One said, fifty instances might be adduced to show that the law had sacrificed innocent victims; and mentioned the case of James Butler, who, he said, had been executed on a charge of arson, (setting fire to the floorcloth manufactory in King's-road) of which he was innocent. All were acquainted with the case of Eliza Fenning: and these two cases were alone sufficiently in favour of the necessity of expunging from our Statute Book laws which could make the innocent (as he believed) suffer for the guilty. Another Gentleman contrasted the administration of justice with regard to minor offences. There were crimes which no law could reach, which inflicted, unfortunately, more mischief and misery than the loss of a few pounds by the forger. Did a man steal your daughter, by law a few pounds would cover the offence: did he steal your wife, a few pounds would satisfy the law; but if he stole a sheep, he' was hung up like a dog. Our Judges told us that Christianity was part and parcel of the law of the land: but it must be a strange interpretation of Christianity to make its doctrines justify our most sanguinary punishments. After some farther remarks, it was agreed that another Meeting should take place on the 9th of February at the Mechanics' Institute. Whitehall Preachers.-The Bishop of London bas dismissed all the preachers at the Chapel Royal, Whitehall, and is about to revise thoroughly the mode in which service has been hitherto performed there. It is understood that the reason assigned by his Lordship for the dismissal of the preachers, is the inconvenience arising from the variety of preachers, and their non-residence, the whole twenty-four being resident Fellows of either University. Manufacturers' Committee.-The Manufacturers' Relief Committee lately held a meeting in the City, to consider of various applications made to them from different parts of the country. They have found it necessary to vote a considerable sum, amounting to nearly 30001. in alleviation of the distressed districts whose cases have been submitted to them. The state of suffering in the whole of them was described as of the most severe kind; but the impression on the minds of the Committee, from going into the details, was, that it was owing much more to local causes than to any general inactivity in the manufacturing industry of the country. In some instances, as at Huddersfield, they considered the distress to have arisen from changes in the fashion, which had checked the sale of fancy articles usually produced there. The sufferings in Wiltshire, and in parts of Gloucestershire, was also to be referred to the transfer of the working of fine cloth to Yorkshire and other places, where superior skill and economy is found to exist. Some re lief was also voted for the silk manufacturers in Macclesfield and Congleton. From whatever causes the distress may have arisen, the Committee have not had, for a long time past, such powerful claims on the benevolent fund placed at their disposal. National Benevolent Institution.- A general meeting of the Life Governors and Subscribers to the National Benevolent Institution, for the relief of respectable persons, who in their old age are reduced to want, took place at Freemasons' Hall lately, when the Report of the Committee, giving a most satisfactory and pleasing statement of the increasing prosperity of the charity, was read by the Secretary, after which a ballot took place for the election of thirty-five additional pensioners on the Institution, increasing the total number to 182, whose several pensions of from 201. to 307, each now amount to 42001. per annum. Among the recent contributors to its funds were namedPrince Leopold; the Duke of Gloucester, who graciously honoured the charity, for the third time, with a flattering testimony of his approbation; the Marquess and Marchioness of Stafford; the Earl of Surrey; and many other distinguished individuals among the nobility, by whom this charity has been long and deservedly patronised. ECCLESIASTICAL PREFERMENTS. The Rev. J. H. Sparke, A. M. to the Rectory of Bexwell, Norfolk. The Hon. and Rev. A. Curzon, M.A. to the Rectory of Norton-by-Twycross, Leicestershire. The Rev. R. Broadley, M.A. to hold by dispensation the Rectory of Cattistock, Dorset, together with the Rectory of Bridport. The Rev. J. F. Franklin, to the Perpetual Curacy of New Buckingham, Norfolk. with the Chapels of Shirford and Chivelstone annexed, Devon. The Rev. P. Poore, to the Rectory of Fyfield, Hants. The Rev. J. Dunningham, M.A. to the Mastership of the Grammar School, Cuckfield, Sussex. W. H. Clarke, B.A. of Catharine Hall, Cambridge, to the Second Mastership of Norwich Grammar School, on the resignation of the Rev. T. Currie. Married.]-At St. Margaret's, Westminster, C. Stephens, Esq. of Hayward's-field, Gloucestershire, to Catherine, youngest daughter of M.Wood, Esq. M. P. At Marnhull, Dorset, the Rev. F. V. Luke, M. A. to Agnes Eliza, daughter of the Rev. W. B. Ramsden. At Walcot, Bath, the Rev. William C. Freeland, of Coggeshall, Essex, to Mary Catherine, youngest daughter of the late Rear-Admiral Bingham. At Milton, Cambridgeshire, the Rev. H. Melvill, M. A. to Margaret Alice, eldest daughter of the late Captain Jennings. At Clapham, the Rev. R. Dickinson, Rector of Headley, Hants, to Henrietta Maria, youngest daughter of the late Captain Butter. J. Maxse, Esq. to the Lady C. F. Berkeley, second daughter of the late Earl of Berkeley. At Beverley, the Rev. G. B. Blyth, to Mary Frances, eldest daughter of the late Lieut.-Col. Popham. At St. Marylebone, Lieut.-Col. Craigie, to Harriet, widow of the late Lieut.-Gen. Macintyre. At Weymouth, Major-General Cole, to A, S. Payne, daughter of the late Rev. S. Payne. At East Dereham, the Rev. J. Birkett, M. A. to Sally, second daughter of the late C. Browne, Esq. At Whepstead, the Rev. J. Lillistone, Rector of Barsham, Suffolk, to Adelaide, youngest daughter of the Rev. T. Image. The Rev. J. T. Watson, M.A. to the Vicarage of Esq. jun. West Wratting, Cambridgeshire. The Rev. W. H. Shelford, M.A. to the Rectory of Preston, Suffolk. The Rev. C. J. Myers, M.A. to the Vicarage of Flintham, Nottinghamshire. The Rev. F. H. Brickenden, B.D. and Fellow of Worcester College, Oxford, to the Rectory of Winford, Somersetshire. The Rev. G. P. Marriott, Minor Canon of Canterbury Cathedral, to a Prebendal Stall in the Cathedral Church of York. The Rev. J. Spurgeon, A.B. to the Rectory of Twyford, Norfolk. The Rev. H. J. Todd, M.A. Rector of Settrington, Yorkshire, to the Prebend of Husthwaite, vacant by the death of the Rev. Dr. Drummond. The Rev. W. Cuthbert, to the Chapelries of Bawtry and Austerfield. In the Island of Jersey, Philip Pipon, Esq. Captain in the Royal Navy. At Hammerwood Lodge, Sussex, the Hon. Mrs. Dorrien Magens, sister to Lord Dynevor, and grand-daughter to William Earl Talbot. At Newcastle, aged 82, Mrs. Cecilia Wren, the last lineal descendant from Sir Christopher Wren, retaining his name. At Hampton Court, Miss F. Cockburn, daughter of the late Sir James Cockburn, of Langton, Bart. J. Lusignan, Esq. LL.D. formerly Anglo-Saxon professor in the Ionian University, and youngest son of the late S. Lusignan, Esq. interpreter to the King for the Turkish and Arabic languages. At Duncombe Park, the Hon. Adolphus Duncombe, fourth son of Lord Feversham, aged 19. At Norwich, aged 86, Mr. J. Keymer, surgeon and apothecary to the Norwich Bethel upwards of The Rev. H. Gipps, M. A. to the Vicarage of fifty years. Corbridge, Northumberland. The Rev. H. Taylor, A.M. Rector of South Poole, Devon, to the Vicarage of Stokenham, Feb. VOL. XXX. No. CX. On New Year's Day, deeply lamented by her family and friends, Mary, the wife of George Mitford, Esq. of Shinfield, near Reading. M PROVINCIAL OCCURRENCES IN THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND, AND IN WALES, SCOTLAND, BERKSHIRE. A highly respectable meeting of gentlemen interested in agricultural affairs has been held at Reading, to take into consideration the necessity of petitioning the Legislature on the high duties on malt, hops, and beer; when resolutions, praying their repeal, were unanimously agreed to. The petitioners stated, that from these excessive duties, the labourers are compelled either to drink water, or to have recourse to the pernicious use of ardent spirits! CAMBRIDGESHIRE. A meeting of the Cambridge Philosophical Society was lately held,-the Rev. Dr. Turton, the President, being in the chair. Mr. Rothman, of Trinity College, read a notice of an observation of the winter solstice at Alexandria, which is recorded in Strabo, and which has not hitherto been understood, from its being spoken of by the author as an observation of an equinox. Professor Whewell continued the reading of his paper "On the causes and characters of pointed architecture," and explained the influence of the pointed arch upon the other members of buildings, through which influence the romanesque style was at last superseded by the very opposite forms of the Gothic. Observations were also communicated by Mr. Millar of St. John's College, on the forms and angles of the crystals of boracic acid, indigo, and borate and bicarbonate of ammonia. After the meeting, Professor Sedgwick gave an account of the geological structure of the Austrian Alps, illustrated by the representation of a section traversing their chain, and passing from the plains of Bavaria to the Gulf of Venice. The resident members of the University of Cambridge, at the division of the present term, amounted, in commons, to 1771; in lodgings, to 673. CHESHIRE. Permission to proceed with the Wallasea embankment having been applied for, and granted, during the late session of Parliament, it is now completed, and is of considerable public utility. The embankment is on the north-west side of the commons or Leasowes of Wallasea and Great Meols, and has been raised to prevent the farther encroachments of the sea, and consequently to guard against the injury likely to arise therefram to the adjoining low lands and the port of Liverpool. The expenses were jointly raised by a rate on persons whose lands in the several neighbouring parishes were under the level of high-water mark, and also on the Corporation of Liverpool. CORNWALL. Some of the richest and some of the least valuable ores ever raised in this county were lately sold at a ticketing at Truro; the highest price given for a ton of ore being 541. 14s. and the low. est, 17. 10s. 6d.; both of these parcels were raised at Penstruthal mine. The several prices of 457. 28. and 197. 12s. 6d. per ton, were given for ores raised at Great St. George mine; at the latter price, ninety-one tons were sold. A parcel containing eighty-seven tons, raised at Wheal Leisure, brought 137. Ss. Gd. per ton. DEVONSHIRE. While working a recently-opened mine-copper having been the object of search-there has been discovered a large and regular lode of silver and gold in the Wigford Mine, which is situated not far from Loddiswell, near Kingsbridge. The ore that contains the precious metals discovered in this mine may be considered a new production in this country, it being different both in appearance and produce from any heretofore discovered in England. In some particulars it bears great similarity to the copper ore of the Hartz mountains, in Germany. The ore of the Wigford mine is of a dark grey colour, approaching to black, with a metallic lustre; and, upon analysis, it is found to consist of iron, antimony, copper, silver, and gold. The lode is of considerable width, and the accompanying minerals are a white fluor spar, spatose iron spar, and carbonate of lime. The mine has been worked, and the discovery made, by some private individuals. A meeting was lately held at Honiton, the Rev. J. G. Copleston in the chair, for the purpose of considering the propriety of petitioning Parliament for a reduction of the duty on Sea-borne coals. There appeared to be but one opinion as to the imposing and oppressive nature of this impost, and it was determined to adopt the Exeter petition, which will be presented to the Peers by Lord Rolle, and to the Commons by the members for the borough. GLOUCESTERSHIRE. It is intended to construct a bridge across the Avon, at Bristol, of stone, in one semicircular arch, the span of which will be three hundred feet, which is twice that of the central arch of the New London Bridge! The banks of the river on both sides are so high as to form natural and secure abutments for it; and it is said that the height of the carriage way from the surface of the water will be two hundred feet! The plans have been submitted to Mr. Telford, the eminent engineer, for his opinion of its practicability. Designs for a chain bridge had been previously submitted. LANCASHIRE. A Company has been formed for the purpose of constructing a Railway from Wigan, to join the Liverpool and Manchester Rail-road near Newton. Mr. Vignoles has been appointed the principal engineer, and in his report it is shown that the distance from Wigan to the point of junction will be 6 miles. This will make the distance from Wigan to Liverpool 23, and to Manchester 21 miles. The distance to Liverpool is, by the turnpike road, 22, and by canal 35 miles: to Manches ter the distance by the turnpike-road is 19, and canal 22 miles. By a regulation of the Duke of Bridgewater's canal there has always been charge of 3s. 8d. per ton for coal, which has had the effect of excluding Wigan coal from the Manchester market. The present undertaking will counteract the injurious influence of this regulation upon the trade of Wigan. The expense of forming the road is estimated at 40,0007, the whole of which sum is already subscribed in shares of 1007. each, chiefly in Wigan; and a majority of the a 1830. Lincolnshire Norfolk-Shropshire-Somerset-Surrey. landowners have expressed a willingness to give their consent to the undertaking. The act will be applied for in the next session of Parliament. LINCOLNSHIRE. At the quarter sessions held at Boston, Oct. 29, the chairman (Mr. Tunnard) addressed the Grand Jury on the state of the poor, on the present agricultural distress, and the support and maintenance of the cottager and his family. It has been published at the request of the magistrates, and of the Grand Jury; its object is to decrease the parish rates, "in encouraging industry among the labouring poor, and restoring them to that healthy state of independence which nauseates the bitter bread of idleness!" NORFOLK. A meeting has been recently held at Norwich, for the purpose of forming a "Norfolk and Norwich Horticultural Society," when a committee was established and subscriptions entered into to carry it into effect. SHROPSHIRE. A respectable meeting has been held at Shrewsbury, on the subject of the proposed alteration of the line of the great Holyhead Road, by which the towns of Wellington, Shrewsbury, and Oswestry, would be avoided, and be left about five miles to the southward: when several resolutions were entered into, expressive of a determination strenuously to oppose the plan, as being greatly injurious to Shrewsbury and its neighbourhood; and a subscription was entered into for the purpose of giving to the projected measure every attainable opposition in its progress through Parlia ment. The intended new road is from Ketley, near Shiffnal, to Brynkinnalt, in Wales, a distance of twenty-seven miles, and the saving is estimated at seven miles. The meeting also passed two other resolutions; in the first of which its belief was expressed that considerable improvements may be made in the line of road through Shrewsbury, so as considerably to shorten the distance and give every requisite accommodation to travellers; and in the second the meeting signified its willingness and anxiety to endeavour, as soon as possible, to effect the said improvements. SOMERSETSHIRE. Bath and West of England Agricultural Society. ---A meeting of this Society took place lately, pursuant to adjournment from the preceding day, to hear the reatise on the Bane in sheep, which Dr. Wilkinson had given notice he would read. The Marquess of Lansdowne presided. Dr. Wilkinson stated that the essay in question was written by a young but very talented man, a painter by trade, who had paid particular attention to this subject, and had embodied the results of his observations in a manner that would do credit to a person of highly cultivated education. The treatise, which occupied nearly two hours in reading, entered at large into a description of the disease, and concluded by proposing a remedy for the same. The meeting, as a mark of their ap. proval, resolved that five hundred copies of it should be published at the expense of the Society. A General Meeting of merchants, shipowners, and others interested in the Improvement of the Port and Harbour of Bridgewater was held at that town on Friday, for the purpose of considering the propriety of applying to Parliament for a 83 Bill to carry into effect the Plan proposed by Mr. Jessop for the improvement of the port of Bridgewater, by making the same a floating harbour, and by rendering the same, by means of canals for ships and barges, more accessible than it is at present. V. Stuckey, Esq. was called to the chair; and, after several gentlemen had delivered their sentiments on the occasion, it was resolved "that Mr. Jessop's Plan is well calculated to accomplish the ends in view, and ought forthwith to be carried into effect." The Chairman at once entered his name for twenty shares in the undertaking, the estimated expense of which is somewhat above 100.000.; the work to be completed in about three years. The Meeting adopted the following Resolution as the basis of their proceedings:-"That the trade of the Port of Bridgewater has been regularly increasing for many years past, at the rate of about 5000 tons, register measure, per annum, the same having in the year 1822 amounted to above 75,000 tons, and in the year ending in October 1829, to above 112,000 tons, and that causes are now in operation, and others are likely soon to be brought into action, by which it may reasonably be expected that the trade will in future years be augmented in a still more rapid progression. That the Port of Bridgewater, and the accommodations which it affords, are altogether inadequate to the existing state of its trade, and that great delay, loss of time, and danger, often arise to vessels frequenting the same, for the want of sufficient quay-room, from their being left dry during the reflux of the tides, from the circuitous course of the river, and from the water, during neap-tides, not being deep enough to float vessels up to the quay at Bridgewater, in consequence of which commerce is much checked, and many advantages are lost to the capital and industry, not only of the town and neighbourhood of Bridgewater, but of other large and populous towns and districts connected therewith. SURREY. A public meeting of the members and supporters of the Surrey Anti-Slavery Society was held lately, at Epsom, Henry Wilson, Esq. in the chair, for the purpose of petitioning both Houses of Parliament against slavery in the British Colonies. After speeches from Henry Gosse, Esq. H. Pownall, Esq. Dr. Edwards, Mr. Hunt, and R. Otway Cave, Esq. advocating the cause of their oppressed fellow-subjects, and stating "that innocent and unfortunate Englishmen, under the opprobrious designation of slaves, are, notwithstanding their rights as British-born subjects, illegally and unconstitutionally held in a state of slavery, in our West Indian colonies, by thousands and hundreds of thousands;" the following resolutions were unanimously agreed to." Resolved, That the committee of this society be requested to prepare petitions to both Houses of Parliament, expressed in the terms of the Resolutions, and praying-1st, That the duties on East and West India Sugar may be equalized; 2d, That a law may be passed, awarding a severe and adequate pu nishment for all persons who shall henceforward be guilty of the crime of converting British-born children, of whatever colour, into slaves; and 3rd, That such other effectual measures may be adopted, without loss of time, as shall be necessary to put an end to such a monstrous violation of every principle of justice and humanity." Thanks were then voted to the Chairman, and the meeting dispersed. SUSSEX. A very large and respectable auditory lately assembled in Brighton, to consider the subject of colonial slavery. S. F. Milford, Esq. having been called to the chair unanimously, briefly stated the object of the meeting. C. Sawyer, Esq. after deprecating the laws which authorized slavery, proposed a resolution to the effect, that its existence was incompatible with the exalted character of the British nation.-This resolution was carried unanimously. Mr.J.Glaisyer then proposed the adoption of a petition to the House of Commons against slavery, and spoke of the impolicy and iniquity of the system. Mr. Ricardo next addressed the meeting. Slavery, he said, was an evil that ought, that must-nay, that will be pnt down; if not done by those who had the power to grant it, it might be enforced in a way dreadful to contemplate. There was an influence arising that would prove irresistible a mighty power, that in its onward course would break down every barrier opposed to the destruction of tyranny and oppression. He meant the diffusion of knowledge-the spread of information, which would overcome every obstacle to the improvement of mankind, and make the crime of slavery so hideous that our posterity will wonder it could ever have existed, ever have been tolerated. Sir T. Bloomfield said it was necessary that the minds both of the planter and of the slave should be ameliorated; for the system now pursued was certainly more degrading to the former than the latter. As far as he was individually concerned, he should be most ready to contribute to a fund, from which the owners of slaves might be compensated, provided they would consent to free them forthwith from their bondage.-Mr. Masquerier then proposed thanks to the chair.-. The Rev. Mr. Goulty, in seconding the vote of thanks, wished to observe that the petition went to a single point-viz. the freedom of slave children; but that it intimated a decided wish for the total abolition of slavery, and left the mode of proceeding entirely to the wisdom of Parliament. If it should appear to them that remuneration was necessary, he thought that the friends of the present measure would cordially join in such a course. Thanks having been voted to Mr. Milford for presiding on the occasion, that gentleman returned his acknowledgments; and after a few remarks from Mr. Burgoyne, the mecting separated. WARWICKSHIRE. It appears by the Report of the Charity Commissioners, that the property belonging to the Birmingham Free Grammar-School produces a rental of 30671. 6s. 8d. per annum; that in 1840, by the falling-in of leases, the rental will be increased to 78561. 168. Sd.; and in 1850, to 10,4707. 10s. 11d. The annual salaries of masters are: head master, 4007.; second master, 3007.; assistants, 2007. each; writing and drawing masters 1007. each. The head master, in addition, derives about 2007. a year from land appropriated to him; and both he and the second master have residences on the school premises, free of expense. In 1827, there were 115 boys educating in the school. The school buildings are in a very ruinous state! YORKSHIRE. The "Leeds Mercury" says, that in the town of Leeds so low are the poor sunk, that the whole income of 829 persons amounts to no more than 157. 28. 7d. being about 34 each per week, or one halfpenny per day for food, fuel, and clothing; and there are numbers of others in a situation equally deplorable, whose cases have not yet come under the consideration of a charitable committee there! A taste for the Fine Arts would seem to be spreading in the North: in addition to other provincial doings of a like kind, the second year's exhibition of the "Hull and East Riding Institution for the promotion of the Fine Arts" was lately opened, and appears to be an object of much attraction. The Doncaster Agricultural Association having passed a resolution in 1828, "That it would be desirable to extend its inquiries to other subjects of general interest besides cattle;" a Committee was appointed to make inquiries, and report the result of them, "On the uses and advantages of bones as a manure." In furtherance of this object, a list of queries was prepared by the Committee to be submitted to the farmers in certain districts; by the adoption of which plan, returns have been received from forty-nine noblemen and gentlemen (among whom we find the Duke of Newcastle, Lord Althorp, the Hon. J. Simpson, &c. &c.) comprising a most valuable body of experimental evidence, and furnishing several facts upon an important novelty in husbandry. By the ecclesiastical statistics of Yorkshire, we learn there are 809 church livings, the patronage of which is divided as follows:-In the gift of government 113, church 350, universities 32, pub. lic bodies 13, nobility and gentry 299, inhabitants 2. Dr. Vernon is the diocesan, and the number of cathedral dignitaries is 99. The religious coagregations in Yorkshire, exclusive of those belonging to the established church, in number are as follows:-Roman Catholic congregations 46, Presbyterians 13, Quakers 64, Particular Baptists 51, General Baptists 9, Wesleyan Methodists 552, Calvinistic Methodist 1, other Methodists 147, Independents 154, Home Missionary and other stations 2. From an anthentic document it appears that the number of persons committed to our borough gaol in 1829 exceeds the number committed in 1828 by 188. The following is an accurate statement of the number of persons committed to gaol in this borough sinee the year 1815: that is to say, in 1816, 484; in 1817, 815; in 1818, 903; in 1819, 1,223 ; in 1820, 1,301; in 1821, 1,223; in 1822, 1,315; in 1823, 1,763; in 1824, 1,777; in 1825, 2,093; in 1826, 2,183; in 1827, 2,377; in 1828, 2,211; in 1829, 2,339; thus exhibiting an aggregate of 22,077 in fourteen years, and an average of 1,577 per annum. Leeds Intelligencer. WALES. The Chain Bridge at Pont Kemeys, which is situated three miles above the town of Usk, is now completed, and open for the accommodation of the public. When the new line of road shall be formed, the distance from Abergavenny to Usk will be shortened two miles; and, what will be of still greater advantage, all hills will be avoided, so as greatly to facilitate the intercourse between these towns and the communication with Bristol. There is now an approach to the bridge along a good parish road, entering a mile above Usk and coming out into the turnpike-road above Pontygoitre House. The following are the dimensions of the bridge: |