lion" was too much even for his great capacity, and in 1878 his health broke down under it.

In the summer of that year the author called upon him, at his tasteful home in Detroit, to which he was confined by that illness, and found him chafing under the necessary absence from his accustomed toils, even for a few days.

In 1879, assistant general superintendent Charles Fargo relieved him of the excess of work, and appointed I. H. Arnett to the superintendence of the Ontario division, and now J. S. Hubbard gives all of his time to Michigan.

T. B. Fargo, who had been agent at Detroit, was promoted to the superintendency of the Illinois division.

Detroit has become a great business metropolis, but its greatest attraction lies in its lovely private mansions. I do not know of any city in which I would prefer to reside, west of New York.

Merritt Seely, the local agent, is remarkable (his superin tendent assures me) for his self-sacrificing devotion to his post and the interests of the office. Yet, after all, he is naturally a scholarly gentleman, fond of literature, and occasionally composes "a pome" that reads well in print. He was formerly in the New York office of the Adams Express Company.

In 1860, Dr. I. H. Arnett, the respected agent of the American at Suspension Bridge, was appointed Mr. Talbot's successor, and given the charge of the Canada, since styled the Ontario division.

After one or more changes, all testing his mental and physical capacity, we find Dr. Arnett at the head of the business in Ontario, with its 200 or more of offices "well in hand," and himself apparently as clear-headed and active as he was a score of years ago.

His headquarters are at Hamilton, Ont. The author had a cheerful letter from him in the autumn of 1879, in which he speaks of the long years of business depression in Canada as having given way to the new impetus in mercantile and manufacturing industries, and still better days are hoped for the people of the Dominion. So mote it be! Ontario is rich in

natural resources.

Certainly, there seems to be an unwonted spirit of enter

prise infused into our Canadian neighbors. A goodly quantity of pounds sterling has been invested of late in projected railroads and other facilities of intercommunication, besides other public improvements, and Canada is becoming Yankee in vitality and vim.

The Michigan division of American Express Co. has an area of nearly 2,900 miles of railroad, and its business is conducted over 21 main lines and branches.

In addition to this, business is done on 9 steamboat lines, aggregating 730 miles. Total lines, 40. Total mileage, 3,630.

It has 350 offices, and the number increases every year. 90 messengers are employed on the routes, and 3 route agents. Route agents are named H. D. Taylor, H. M. Wynkoop, and Theo. Carr. Total number of men employed in the division, 565.

The principal points of transfer to and from the division are at Chicago, Ill.; Detroit, Mich.; Toledo, Ohio; Butler, Ind.; Fort Wayne, Ind.; Logansport, Ind., Valparaiso, Ind.; Wellsboro, Ind.; Auburn, Ind.; South Bend, Ind.; and Janesville, Mich. The interior transfer points are too numerous to mention.

The manufacturing places are numerous: Detroit, Grand Rapids, Jackson, East Saginaw, Bay City, Battle Creek, Kalamazoo, Lansing, Muskegan, Niles, St. Joseph, Marshall, Ypsilanti, Wyandotte, Mich.; South Bend and Fort Wayne, Ind.; and many others.

The products are iron, furniture, glass, pins, matches, tobacco, cigars, salt, lumber, pails, tubs, brooms, pumps, flour, woollen goods, knit goods, mowers, reapers, boots, shoes, wagons, threshers, paper, and a hundred other things. Every place of any importance has some manufactory, turning out needed articles.

In addition to the American, the following express companies do business in Michigan. Most prominent, the U. S. Express Co. The Canadian Express Co. operates the Grand Trunk Railway from Detroit to Port Huron, in connection with its line through to Toronto, Montreal, Quebec, and Portland. Me. The American is its agent at Detroit.

The United States Express Co. operates the Lake Shore and

M. S. Railroad main line in Michigan, the Toledo and Detroit division, and the Kalamazoo division from White Pigeon to Kalamazoo; also the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, and the Grand Haven Railroad, and is "a power" in the State.

Holt & Co.'s Express has a steamboat line from Bay City to Alpena, and McClure & Co.'s Express a steamboat line from Detroit to river and lake ports north.

The only lines of railroads in this division not occupied by the express companies are the Michigan Air Line Railroad, 26 miles, and the Port Huron & Northwestern, 20 miles.

New railroads are contemplated in this division, and the prospects are that some of them will be built in the near future.

The population claimed by some of our most important towns is as follows: Detroit, 130,000; Grand Rapids, 37,000; Jackson, 22,000; East Saginaw, 10,000; Bay City, 18,000; Kalamazoo, 13,000; Battle Creek, 8,0000; Lansing, 10,000; Niles, 5,000; Flint, 9,000; Muskegan, 10,000.

The express business has grown rapidly in this State during the past few years and has kept pace with the requirements of the age. Henry Kip, President of the United States Express Co., is widely known and respected there.

J. S. Hubbard, the very satisfactory head of this division, first entered the service of the company at Buffalo, in 1852, as "abstract clerk," at which time a force of but six clerks were required to transact the whole business of the main office of all the territory west of Buffalo. From 1852 to 1867 he filled very acceptably various positions in that office. In 1867, he was promoted from the audit office to a route agency in the Canada division, and was so useful that it was not long before he was made assistant superintendent. In June, 1871, he was appointed Superintendent of the Michigan division, and on January 1st, 1876, the Canada division was added to it, and he was appointed superintendent of both. His health declining, in April, 1879, he was relieved of the Canada division, as has been already stated. Indeed, the rapid growth of the Michigan division demanded all of his well-known energy and judi

cious care.

CHAPTER XII.

THE UNITED STATES EXPRESS IN THE LAKE COUNTRY.-THE AMERICAN AND ADAMS IN OHIO AND INDIANA.-THE GROWTH OF THE CITIES, AND EXPRESS FACILITIES.-CLEVELAND, CINCINNATI, AND MINOR CENTERS.

The United States Express offices in Michigan number over 100, the principal points being Detroit, Albion, Allegan, Brady, Eaton Rapids, Grand Haven, Grand Rapids, Hillsdale, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Muskegon, Schoolcraft, Three Rivers. A dozen or more small towns can be reached only by the "U.S." It does a large business also in Pennsylvania and Ohio, like the Adams and American, delivering and receiving at numerous stations. In Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, and several other populous cities, it has excellent agents, and large and well-organized offices.

The Cincinnati headquarters are at the corner of Fourth and Race streets. There is a branch in the company's building, corner of Sixth and Baymiller streets. Including messengers, whose runs are in-and-out of Cincinnati, the number of employees at this point exceeds 60. It has from 25 to 30 horses and 16 to 18 wagons. It has contracts for Express cars on the Cin., Ham. and Dayton; Dayton and Michigan.; Cin., Ham. and Indianapolis; Cin., Richmond and Chicago; Cin. and Dayton short line to Springfield and Sandusky; and the Atlantic and Great Western Railroads.

The so-called "southwestern division" of the American Express Co., includes an extensive and important area of country. Its extreme easterly points are Buffalo, N. Y., and Emporium, Pa.; its western, Chicago and Peoria, Ill.; its northern, Toledo, O., and Fort Wayne, Ind.; its southern, Louisville, Ky., and St. Louis, Mo. Its Cincinnati business is large and valuable. Its operations extend over more than thirty railroads (including branches), making a total of 4,114 miles; and are supervised by an old, but still energetic veteran at the business, Assistant General Superintendent H. S. Julier.

His Indiana division is ably managed by E. W. Sloane, and his Ohio division by R. B. Poore. Many years of familiarity with their laborious duties have made them invaluable to the company. Their subalterns, the four route agents, are W. H. Brown, Geo. C. Lathers, John J. Smith, and John F. Clark; "good men, and true."

The following are some of the principal places, with their agents and population:

Louisville, Ky... E. D. Graff.

There are more than twenty various kinds of manufacturing business in Louisville, Ky., many of the varieties of products being such as it is generally supposed that the south imports from the east. New Albany, Ind., resembles in her varied industries, including founderies and cloth factories, some great New England manufacturing town.

Dunkirk is chiefly famous for producing locomotives and

10,000

66 27,500

150,000