Astenersi dal parlare, to abstain from speaking Rule 72.-The past participle, used with any tense of the Da che egli è partito, since he verb avere, to have, is indeclinable. the great princes have always protected learned men is gone Dall' anno scorso, from the last year Difendersi dagli ipocriti, to defend one's self against hypocrites Ella ha dormito bene, she has I lupi han divorato la sua greg-Distinguere un cane da un lupo, the king slept long Ha preso la coca sul serio, he I gran principi hanno sempre protetto le persone sapienti, gia, the wolves have devoured his flock mie sorelle non hanno ancora desinato, my cisterз have not dined yet to distinguish a dog from a wolf Essere incalzato dal nemico, to be pursued by the enemy. Fare una cosa da se, to do one thing of one's self I have no arms to defend myself L'uomo dal mantello, the man of the cloak Non sono cose da dirsi, these are not things to say Non è cosa da un pari vosire, it is not a thing becoming to a man like you Sono tempi da piangere, these are times to weep Uomo da stento, a man to bear fatigue Andate dal fornajo, go to the baker's Andrò da mia madre, I will go to my mother's Vive da signore, he lives like a lord Examples. absolutely suffer you to go out to-day E' già partito, he has already gone Camminate piano, walk gently Non voglio assolutamente che voi sortiate oggi, I will not Ia quasi finito, he has almost done A. acted like a rascal Avete du fare? have you something to do? Datemi da lavorare, give me some work to do Dite da buria? do you speak in joke? Dite da vero? do you speak in earnest? Egli fa da dottore, he sets up for a doctor Egli ha da due milioni di empitale, he has about millions of capital LWO Il re era da un canto, la regina da un altro, the king was on one side, and the queen on the other Non v'è da ridere, there is no reason for laughing Uomo da bene, a good man nearly one hundred years Vi giuro, da galantuomo, I swear to you on the faith of an honest man Venite qui da me, come here near me Rule 77.-The preposition a or ad, to, expresses intention, tendency, end, attribution, and the proximity of a place or Rule 78.-The preposition con, with, expresses the idea of Lo dice acciocchè, non diate a society or union. Examples. Strignere amicizia con alcuno, to begin a friendship with some one E' uscito col servitore, he is gone me la colpa, he said it that upon me mano, he walked with the Affinchè ella gli scriva, in order Venite insieme con me, come Benchè sia difficile, bisogna però | must nevertheless con- Ancorchè sia in età molto avan- come, provided it does THE prepositions are employed in such a variety of ways in Spanish and in English, that each one is not always to be rendered from one language to the other by the same word. Thus de is not always to be translated into English by of; nor of into Spanish always by de. The following observations will serve to show the manner in which the prepositions are to be used. "About," when it means through, is rendered by por; when it means on, by sobre; when it means within, by en; when it means of, by de; as, Bisogna compatirlo atteso che Non ho cosa alcuna da dirvi se She went singing about the il poverino è matto in mezzo al cervello, we must excuse him, since the poor fellow is a crack-brain Di maniera che ella puo far ciò che la piace, so that you may do what you please In tanto che non ritorno più, so that he returned no more non che conviene i vostri | was village, ella iba cantando They are about the palace, ellos están en el palácio. He does not talk about politics in public, no habla de política en público. "Above" is rendered by sobre; as, The bird flies above the earth, el ave vuela sobre la tierra. Rule 82.-The following conjunctions require the verb which dered by contra; as, follows them to be put in the subjunctive. They fought against the Mexi- | Against the law, contra la "According" to is rendered by segun, and sometimes by para of, or, with the intention of going to, it is rendered by para, con; as, Please to seat yourself by the "Concerning," meaning about or in regard to, is rendered by acerca de or tocante á; as, Concerning that which wehave spoken, acerca de lo que hemos hablado. as, "Into," when it comes after the verb enter, and when it Let-us-enter into this grove, | Pour oil into the lamp, eche "Of" is rendered by de; as, A friend of the king, un amigo del rey. "On" or upon, meaning along, is rendered by en; meaning upon mere probability, Man lives not on bread alone, "For," meaning during; on account of, for the sake of, or, in behalf of; in exchange for; for the purpose of getting; as; by (per); is rendered by por; and when it means, for the use When " on in English is used before the days of the week or month, it is not rendered in Spanish; thus, ella llegó alti el sábado, she arrived there on Saturday. 1 "Over" is rendered by encima de when it means above; and otherwise by sobre; as, respect to; además de, besides; a pesar de, in spite of, notwithstanding; cerca de, near to; frente á, or en frente de, opposite; en orden á, with regard to; junto á, adjoining; por el médio de, across; durante, during. The preposition entre, between, when it comes before personal pronouns, does not govern them in the objective case in Spanish, but is followed by them in the nominative; as, entre tú y yo (and not entre ti y mi), between thee and me. Prepositions, as in English, are placed before the word which they govern. Care must be taken to distinguish the use of the same word in English, whether employed as a preposition or an adverb or conjunction. Thus in the phrases, after breakfast, before Over the window, encima de la | He-wept over the city, lord dinner, the words after and before are prepositions, and are to sobre la ciudad. ventana. "Towards" is rendered by hácia; as, Here comes towards us the lady of the house, aquí viene hacia nosotros la señora de la casa. "Under" is rendered by debajo de or bajo; as, Under the bridge, debajo del puente. "Under" is rendered by so in the following phrases, so capa de, under cover of; so color de, under colour of; so pena de, under penalty of; so pretexto de, under pretext of. "With," when meaning of, or from, or by, is rendered by de; in most other cases by con; as, "Within" is rendered by dentro de; as I-shall-need it within three days, lo necesitaré dentro de tres dias. "Without," meaning destitute of, with exemption from, is rendered by sin; and when it means outside of, or beyond, by fuera de; as, Treat me without ceremony, | To-buy without money, comtrateme vmd. sin ceremónia. prar sin dinero. They-cast him without the city, le echaron fuera de la ciudad. Sin in Spanish is regarded as a negative preposition, and is therefore often followed by a negative conjunction; as, Sin otro fin ni motivo, without another end or (nor) motive. There are other prepositions in Spanish, which, as they can be rendered in most cases by the corresponding English preposition, offer no difficulty to the learner. Such are para con, in be rendered by despues de and antes de, respectively; while in the phrases, after I had departed, before I had dined, the words after and before are adverbs, and are to be rendered by despues que and antes que. Segun, when used before a verb in Spanish, is not a preposition, but an adverb, meaning, according as; as, segun creo, according as I-believe; segun pareció, according as it-appeared. OF THE INTERJECTION. The position of the interjection in a sentence is determined by no fixed rules, but is allowed to vary, as in English, according as harmony and propriety may require. The interjection etc, lo, behold, is used with the first objective case of the personal pronouns only, being joined to them and forming one word; as, ¡Eteme! behold me! ¡ Etele! behold him! Etela! behold her! i Etelos que vienen! lo they come! The interjection he, see, behold, is prefixed to the first objective case of personal pronouns, and precedes adverbs, such as aquí, here, alli, there; as, More literally these exclamations might be rendered, "see him here!" "see her here!" "behold them there!" When adjectives are employed as interjections, they are followed by the preposition de, if a noun or pronoun come after; as, Desgraciado de mí! unlucky me! (or, unfortunate that I am!) The interjection ay is followed by de when used before a noun or pronoun; as, ¡Ay de mi! alas for me! (or, woe to me!) LESSONS IN TRIGONOMETRY.-No. VI. TRIGONOMETRICAL FORMULE. "According" to is rendered by segun, and sometimes by para | of, or, with the intention of going to, it is rendered by para, con; as, "Into," when it comes after the verb enter, and when it means inside of, is rendered by en; but after all verbs of motion (to enter, excepted) it is rendered by á; as, Let-us-enter into this grove, | Pour oil into the lamp, eche entremos en este bosque. vmd. aciete en la lámpara. Let-us-go into-the dining-room, vamos al comedor. "Of" is rendered by de; as, A friend of the king, un amigo del rey. "On" or upon, meaning along, is rendered by en; meaning through, by por; meaning by, it is rendered by de; and meaning in contact with the upper surface of anything, by sobre; as, Is-there danger on (or upon) | Nothing ought to be affirmed the road? hay peligro en el camino? upon mere probability, nada debe afirmarse por una mera probabilidad. Man lives not on bread alone, el hombre no vive de solo It is on (or upon) the chair, está sobre la silla. pan. Sometimes "on" is rendered by á; as, a caballo, on horseback; a pié, on foot; a bordo, on board. Upon, after the verbs, to count, rely, etc., is rendered by con; as, conto con la aminas de Diego, I rely upon the friendship of James. When "on" in English is used before the days of the week or month, it is not rendered in Spanish; thus, ella llegó alli el sábado, she arrived there on Saturday. |