ning dead in bed, 'the expression of the face undisturbed le trace of suffering.'

6

lected works of Dr. Chalmers published during his life fill ve duodecimo volumes. Of these the first two are devoted ral Theology;' volumes three and four to Evidences of ity 'five, ‘Moral Philosophy;' six, 'Commercial Discourses: Astronomical Discourses;' eight, nine, and ten, 'Congregaermons;' eleven, Sermons on Public Occasions;' twelve, and Essays;' thirteen, Introductory Essays,' originally preeditions of Select Christian Authors; fourteen, fifteen, and Christian and Economic Polity of a Nation, more especially erence to its Large Towns;' seventeen, On Church and Colowments;' eighteen, On Church Extension;' nineteen and Political Economy;' twenty-one, The Sufficiency of a l System without a Poor-rate:' twenty-two to twenty-five, es on the Romans.' In all Dr. Chalmers's works there is great nd earnestness, accompanied with a vast variety of illustrais knowledge was more useful than profound; it was extenluding science no less than literature, the learning of the her with the fancy of the poet, and a familiar acquaintance habits, feelings, and daily life of the Scottish poor and mides. The ardour with which he pursues any favorite topic, preit to the reader or hearer in every possible point of view, and g it with the charms of a rich poetical imagination, is a strikure in his intellectual character.* It gave peculiar effect to it ministrations; for, by concentrating his attention on one points at a time, and pressing these home with almost und zeal and animation, a distinct and vivid impression was ed to the mind, unbroken by any extraneous or discursive His pictures have little or no background-the principal r conception fills the canvas. The style of Dr. Chalmers is n being correct or elegant--it is often turgid, loose, and declavehement beyond the bounds of good taste, and disfigured ngular and by no means graceful phraseology. These bleme, however, more than redeemed by his piety and eloquence, the lity of many of his views, and the astonishing force and ardour ert Hall seems to have been struck with this peculiarity. In some Gleanings I's Conversational Remarks, appended to Dr. Gregory's Memoir, we find the criticism understood to refer the Scottish divine: Mr. Hall repeatedly reDr. and always in terms of great esteem as well as high admiration of his haracter, exercising, however, his usual free and independent judgment. The g are some remarks on that extraordinary individual: Pray. sir, did you ever y man who had that singular faculty of repetition possessed by Dr.? Why, teu reiterates the same thing ten or twelve times in the course of a few pages. rke himself had not so much of that peculiarity. His mind resembles that optineut lately invented: what do you call it?" "You mean. I suppose. the kaleiYes, sir: an idea thrown into his mind is just as if thrown into a kaleidoEvery turn presents the object in a new and beautiful form, but the object prestill the same. His mind seems to move on hinges. not on wheels. incessant motion. but no progress. When he was at Leicester. he preached admirable sermon on the necessity of immediate repentance; but there were o ideas in it, and on these his mind revolved as on a pivot.

of his mind. His 'Astronomical Discourses' (1817) contain passages of great sublimity and beauty. His triumphs are those of genius, aided by the deepest conviction of the importance of the truths he inculcates. After the death of this popular divine, no less than nine volumes were added to his works- Daily Scripture Readings,' 'Sabbath Scripture Readings.' 'Sermons,' Institutes of Theology,' and 'Prelections on Butler's Analogy,' &c. These were edited by the son-inlaw of the deceased, the Rev Mr. Hanna, who also wrote a copious and excellent Life of his illustrious relative, extending, with extracts from writings and correspondence, to four volumes (1849-52).

Picture of the Chase-Cruelty to Animals.

The sufferings of the lower animals may, when out of sight, be out of mind. But more than this. these sufferings may be in sight, and yet out of mind. This is strikingly exemplified in the sports of the field, in the midst of whose varied and animating bustle that cruelty which all along is present to the senses may not for one moment have been present to the thoughts. There sits a somewhat ancestral dignity and glory on this favourite pastime of joyous old England; when the gallant knighthood, and the hearty yeomen, and the amateurs or virtuosos of the chase, and the full assembled jockeyship of half a province, muster together in all the pride and pageantry of their great emprise-and the panorama of some noble landscape, lighted up with autumnal clearness from an unclouded heaven, pours fresh exhilar ation into every blithe and choice spirit of the scene-and every adventurous heart is braced and impatient for the hazards of the coming enterprise-and even the highbreathed coursers catch the general sympathy, and scem to fret in all the restiveness of their yet checked and irritated fire, till the echoing horn ghall set them at liberty -even that horn which is the knell of death to some trembling victim now brought forth of its lurking-place to the delighted gaze, and borne down upon with the full and open cry of i's ruthless pursuers. Be assured that, amid the whole glee and fervency of this tumultuous enjoyment, there might not, in one single bosom, be anght so fiendish as a principle of naked and abstract cruelty. The fear which gives its lightning-speed to the unhappy animal: the thickening horrors, which, in the progress of exhaustion, must gather upon its flight; it gradually sinking energies, and, at length, the terrible certainty of that destruction which is awaiting it; that piteous cry which the ear can sometimes distinguish amid the deafening clamour of the blood-hounds as they spring exultingly upon their prey: the dread massacre and dying agonies of a creature so miserably torn-all this weightf suffering, we admit, is not once sympathised with; but it is just because the suffering itself is not once thought of. It touches not the sensibilities of the heart; but just because it is never present to the notice of the mind. We allow that the hardy followers in the wild romance of this occupation--we allow them to be reckless of pain, but this is not rejoicing in pain. Theirs is not the delight of the savage, but the apathy of unreflecting creatures. They are wholly occupied with the chase itself and its spirit-stirring accompaniments, nor bestow one moment's thought on the dread violence of that infliction upon sentient nature which marks its termination. It is the spirit of the competition, and it alone, which goads onward this hurrying career; and even he who in at the death is foremost in the triumph, although to him the death itself is in sight, the agony of its wretched sufferer is wholly out of mind.

Man is the direct agent of a wide and continual distress to the lower animals, and the question is, Can any method be devised for its alleviation? On this subject that Scriptural image is strikingly realised: The whole inferior creation groaning and travailing together in pain,' because of him. It signifies not to the substantive amount of the suffering whether this be prompted by the hardness of his heart, or only permitted through the heedlessness of his mind. In either way it holds true, not only that the arch-devourer man stands pre-eminent over the fiercest children of the wilderness as an animal of prey, but that. for his lordly and luxurious appetite, as well as for his service or merest curiosity and amusement, Nature must be ransacked throughout all her clements. Rather than forego the veriest gratifications of vanity,

ng them from the anguish of wretched and ill-fated creatures; and whether ilgence of his barbaric sensuality or barbaric splendour, can stalk parathe sufferings of that prostrate creation which has been placed beneath hat beauteous domain whereof he has been constituted the terrestrial sovs out so many blissful and benignant aspects; and whether we look to its kes, or to its flowery landscapes, or its evening skies, or to all that soft overspreads the hills and the valleys, lighted up by smiles of sweetest nd where animals disport themselves in all the exuberance of gaiety-this : a more befitting scene for the rule of clemency, than for the iron rod of a and remorseless tyrant. But the present is a mysterious world wherein It still bears much upon its materialism of the impress of Paradise. But om the air of Pandemonium has gone over its living generations; and so of man and the dread of man is now upon every beast of the earth, and fowl of the air, and upon all that moveth upon the earth, and upon all the e sea; into man's hands are they delivered: every moving thing that liveth him; yea, even as the green herbs, there have been given to him all uch is the extent of his jurisdiction, and with most full and wanton license lled among its privileges. The whole earth labours and is in violence bes cruelties; and from the amphitheatre of sentient nature there sounds in the bleat of one wide and universal suffering-a dreadful homage to the ature's constituted lord.

ufferings are really felt. The beasts of the field are not so many automata nsation, and just so constructed as to give forth all the natural signs and s of it. Nature hath not practised this universal deception upon our spese poor animals just look, and tremble, and give forth the very indications that we do. Theirs is the distinct cry of pain. Theis is the unequivocal my of pain. They put on the same aspect of terror on the demonstrations ced blow. They exhibit the same distortions of agony after the infliction bruise, or the burn. or the fracture, or the deep incision, or the fierce enith one of equal or superior strength, just affects them similarly to ourheir blood circulates as ours. They have pulsations in various parts of the ours. They sicken, and they grow feeble with age, and, finally, they die do. They possess the same feelings; and, what exposes them to like sufm another quarter, they possess the same instincts with our own species. s robbed of her whelps causes the wilderness to ring aloud with the proof her wrongs: or the bird whose little household has been stolen, fills and l the grove wi h melodies of deepest pathos. All this is palpable even to al and unlearned eye: and when the physiologist lays open the recesses of em by means of that scalpel, under whose operation they just shrink and sed as any living subject of our own species-there stands forth to view the ient apparatus, od furnished with the same conductors for the transmisling to every minutest pore upon the surface. Theirs is unmixed and unpain-the agonies of martyrdom without the alleviation of the hopes and ients whereof they are incapable. When they lay them down to die, their wship is with suffering; for in the prison-house of their beset and bounded here can no relief be afforded by communion with other interests or other The attention does not lighten their distress as it does that of man. by carrys spirit from that existing pungency and pressure which might else be over.There is but room in that mysterious economy for one inmate, and that sorbing sense of their own single and concentrated anguish. And so in that ment whereon the wounded animal lingers and expires, there is an unexoth and intensity of suffering which the poor dumb animal itself cannot gainst which it can offer no remonstrance-an u: told and unknown amount edness of which no articulate voice gives utterance. But there is an eloits silence; and the very shroud which disguises it only serves to aggra

orrors.

Insignificance of this Earth.

h the earth were to be burnt up, though the trumpet of its dissolution were though you sky were to pass away as a scroll, and every visible glory which of the Divinity has inscribed on it were extinguished for ever-an event so us, and to every world in our vicinity, by which so many suns would be ex

tinguished, and so many varied scenes of life and population would rush into forgetfulness-what is it in the high scale of the Almighty's workmanship? a mere shred, which, though scattered into nothing, would leave the universe of God one entire scene of greatness and of majesty. Though the earth and the heavens were to disappear, there are other worlds which roll afar; the light of other suns shines upon them; and the sky which mantles them is garnished with other stars. Is it presumption to say that the moral world extends to these distant and unknown regions? that they are occupied with people? that the charities of home and of neighbourhood flourish there? that the praises of God are there lifted up, and his goodness rejoiced in? that there piety has its temples and its offerings? and the richness of the divine attributes is there felt and admired by intelligent worshippers?

And what is this world in the iminensity which teems with them; and what are they who occupy it? The universe at large would suffer as little in its splendour and variety by the destruction of our planet, as the verdure and sublime magnitude of a forest would suffer by the fall of a single leaf. The leaf quivers on the brunch which supports it. It lies at the mercy of the slightest accident. A breath of wind tears it from its stem, and it lights on the stream of water which passes underneath. In a moment of time, the life which we know by the microscope it teems with is extinguished; and an occurrence so insignificant in the eye of mau, and on the scale of his observation, carries in it to the myriads which people this little leaf an event as terrible and as decisive as the destruction of a world. Now, on the grand scale of the univ rs, we, the occupiers of this ball, which performs its little round among the suns and the systems that astronomy has unfolded-we may feel the same littleness and the same insecurity. We differ from the leaf only in this cirerastance, that it would require the operation of great r elements to destroy us. But these elements exist. The fire which rages within may lift its devouring energy to the surface of our planet, and transform it into one wide and wasting volcano. The sudden formation of elastic matter in the bowels of the earth-and it lies within the agency of known substances to accomplish this-may explode it into fragments. The exhalation of noxious air from below may impart a virulence to the air that is around us; it may affect the delicate proportion of its ingredients; and the whole of animated nature may wither and die under the malignity of a tainted atmosphere. A blazing comet may cross this fated planet in its orbit, and realize all the terrors which superstition has conceived of it. We cannot anticipate with precision the consequences of an event which every astronomer must know to lie within the limits of chance and probabil ity. It may hurry our globe towards the sun, or drag it to the outer regions of the planetary system, or give it a new axis of revolution-and the effect, which I shall simply announce without explaining it, would be to change the place of the ocean, and bring another mighty flood upon our .slands and continents.

There are changes which may happen in a single instant of time, and against which nothing known in the present system of things provides us with any security. They might not annihilate the earth, but they would unpeople it, and we, who tread its surface with such firin and assured footsteps, are at the mercy of devouring cle ments, which, if let loose upon us by the hand of the Almighty, would spread solitude, and silence, and death over the dominions of the world.

Now, it is this littleness and this insecurity which make the protection of the Almighty so dear to us, and bring with such emphasis to every pion bosom the holy lessons of humility and gratitude. The God who sitteth above, and presides in high authority over all worlds, is mindful of man; and though at this moment his energy is felt in the remotest provinces of creation, we may feel the same security in his providence as if we were the objects of his undivided care.

It is not for us to bring our minds up to this mysterious agency. But such is the incomprehensible fact, that the same being whose eye is abroad over the whole universe, gives vegetation to every blade of grass, and motion to every particle of blood which circulates through the veins of the minutest animal; that though his mind takes into his comprehensiv grasp immensity and all its wonders, I am as much known to him as if I were the single object of his attention; that he marks all my thoughts; that he gives birth to every feeling and every movement within me; and that, with an exercise of power which I can neither describe nor comprehend. the same God who sits in the highest heaven, and reigns over the glories of the firmament. is at my right hand, to give me every breath which I draw, and every comfort which I enjoy.

The Statute-book not necessary towards Christianity.

mes it that Protestantism made such triumphant progress in these realms 1 pains and penalties to struggle with? and how came this progress to be om the moment it laid on these pains and penalties in its turn?

What e enactments of the statute-book done for the cause of Protestantism in nd how is it, that when single-handed Truth walked through our island ight and prowess of a conqueror, so soon as propped by the authority of ud the armour of intolerance was given to her, the brilliant career of her as ended? It was when she took up the carnal and laid down the eapon-it was then that strength went out of her. She was struck with on the instant that, from a warfare of principle, it became a warfare of There are gentlemen opposed to us profound in the documents of history; as really nothing to offer half so instructive as the living history that is e our eyes. With the pains and penalties to fight against, the cause of on did almost everything in Britain; with the pains and penalties on its done nothing, and worse than nothing, in Ireland.

er all, it is a question which does not require the evidence of history for tion. There shines upon it an immediate light from the known laws and of human nature. When Truth and Falsehood enter into collision upon s, and do so with their own appropriate weapons, the result is infallible, veritas, et prævalebit. But if, to strengthen the force of Truth, you put of the statute-book under her command, there instantly starts up on the lsehood an auxiliary far more formidable. You may lay an incapacity on s, or you may put restraint and limitation on the property of Catholics; tholic mind becomes tenfold more impregnable than before. It is not am indifferent to the good of Protestantism that I want to displace these rutches from under her; but because I want t at. freed from every sympcrepitude and decay, she should stand forth in her own native strength, manifest to all men how firm a support she has on the goodness of her I on the basis of her orderly and well-laid arguments. It is because I count and will any Protestant here present say that I count too much ?-on her her evidences, and the blessing of God upon her churches, and the force of ess appeals to the conscience and the understandings of men-it is beher strength and sufficiency in these that I would disclaim the aids of the ok, and own no dependence or obligation whatever on the system of intolThese were enough for her in the days of her suffering, and should be more gh for her in the days of her comparative safety. It is not by our fears False alarms that we do honour to Protestantism. A far more befitting the great cause is the homage of our confidence: for what Sheridan said rty of the press, admits of most emphatic application to this religion of truth y. Give,' says that great orator-give to ministers a corrupt House of ;give them a pliant and a servile House of Lords; give them the keys of the nd the patronage of the crown; and give me the liberty of the press, and mighty engine I will overthrow the fabric of corruption, and establish upou he rights and privileges of the people.' In like manner, give the Catholics 1 their emancipation; give them a seat in the parliament of their country; a free and equal participation in the politics of the realm; give them a he right ear of Majesty, and a voice in his counsels; and give me the circuthe Bible, and with this mighty engine I will overthrow the tyranny of t, and establish the fair and original form of Christianity on its ruins.*

DUGALD STEWART.

ave no profound original metaphysician in this period, but ch and elegant commentators. PROFESSOR DUGALD STEW

above forms part of a speech delivered at a public meeting in Edinburgh, in 9, in favour of removing the Roman Catholic disabilities. The effect of Dr. 's address is described as prodigious, the audience rising to their feet and cheer rously.