between Europe and America. Not far from the coast of Africa are the Madeira, the Canary, and the Cape Verd Isles. The Isles of St. Helena, Ascension, and St. Matthew, are in the south part of the Atlantic.

America, with the seas adjoining, is sometimes called the Western Hemisphere, or New World. Nothing material now remains to complete our survey of the globe, but to notice the half-explored country of Greenland, in the northern Icy Ocean, the Island of Iceland, situated near its shore, and Spitzbergen, north of Europe.

PROBLEM II.

To find the latitude and longitude of any place.

BY THE GLOBE.

Bring the given place to the brass meridian; then the degree of the meridian directly over it shews the latitude, and the degree of the equator under the meridian shews the longitude.

BY MAPS.

Take, with a pair of compasses, the distance of the place from the nearest parallel; apply this distance to either side of the map-keeping one point of the compasses on the same parallel, the other will shew the latitude required..

For the longitude, lay a ruler over the place, so that it may cut the same degree at the top and bottom of the map, and that degree is the longitude of the place.

The latitude of any place is found by taking the height of the sun, or one of the fixed stars.

The above rule for maps is applicable only to particular maps, or plain charts, where the meridians are straight lines, and the parallels of

latitude are either straight lines or arcs of circles. When both the ineridians and parallels are curve lines, find how often the distance of the place from the nearest parallel will reach the next parallel; and from that the latitude may be found sufficiently exact. Also, for the longitude, find how often the distance from the nearest meridian will reach the next meridian. Suppose Berlin to be the place whose latitude and longitude are required.

Its distance from the parallel of 50, taken four times, reaches 60. The fourth part of 10, added to 50, gives the latitude 52°.

Its distance east from the meridian of 10, taken thrice, falls a little beyond the meridian of 20: hence the longitude is 1310.

A little practice in finding the latitude and longitude upon maps will render this method very easy.

To distinguish east from west longitude.

RULE. If the figures increase towards the right-hand, the longitude is east; if they increase towards the lefthand, it is west.

When the longitude is taken from Ferro Island, meridian of London by the following

may be reduced to the

RULE.-If the longitude be east, 17° 45′ must be subtracted; if it be west, the same number must be added; and the sum or difference will be the longitude from the meridian of London.

If the place lie between the meridians of Ferro and London, subtract the longitude east from Ferro, from 17° 45'; and the remainder will be the longitude west from London.

N. B. The above rule reversed will reduce the longitude from London to that from Ferro Island.

EXAMPLES.

1. Required the latitude and longitude of Edinburgh, Bring Edinburgh below the meridian, we find, over it nearly, the 56th degree of North latitude (55° 58′), and the point where the meridian cuts the equator is nearly 31 (3° 12') W. L. degrees west from London,

What are the latitude and longitude of the following places, situated in Asia?

EXAMPLES FOR A MAP OF ENGLAND.

What are the latitude and longitude of the following

EXAMPLES FOR A MAP OF GERMANY.

What are the latitude and longitude of the following

1. The Cape of Good Hope has 36° 9' E. L. from the meridian of Ferro,-required the longitude from London?

2. Gibraltar has 12° 8' E. L. from Ferro,-what is its longitude from London?

3. Cape Horn has 49° 40′ W. L. from Ferro,―required its longitude from London?

4. Cape Comorin has 78° 5' E. L. from London,-required the longitude from Ferro?

For more examples of this kind, take a map drawn from the meridian of Ferro; find, from it, the longitude of any number of places; reduce them to the meridian of London by the rule, and then compare them with a map drawn from the meridian of London.

PROBLEM III.

Having the latitude and longitude given to find the place.

BY THE GLOBE.

Bring the given longitude to the brass meridian; then, under the given latitude marked on the brass meridian, is the place sought.

BY MAPS.

Lay a ruler, by the given longitude, at the top and bottom of the map.

Take, with a pair of compasses, the distance between the given latitude and the nearest parallel; this distance, applied to the edge of the ruler, will point out the place required.

This problem is useful for laying down any place which is not already marked upon the globe or map. By it may also be seen where any ship is, from having the latitude and longitude given.

The rule for maps is applicable only to those on which the meridians are straight lines: when that is not the case, a similar method must be used with that mentioned in the last problem.

EXAMPLES.

1. What place is situated in 48° 23′ N. L. and 4° 39′

W. L. from London?

Answ. Brest in France.