An introduction to geography and astronomy, by the use of the globes and maps, by E. and J. Bruce

of the sea called the Bristol Channel. It runs by Welch Pool (whence it is navigable), Shrewsbury, Bridgenorth, Bewdley, Worcester, Tewksbury, and Gloucester.

The Avon, from Warwick and Stratford, joins the Severn at Tewksbury.

The Wye has its source near that of the Severn, runs by Hereford, Ross, and Monmouth, and falls into the Bristol Channel at Chepstow.

Chepstow has a tolerable port, and carries on a considerable trade. The tide rises here to an extraordinary height.

RIVERS THAT FALL INTO THE IRISH SEA.

The Towey runs by Caermarthen, and the Tivy by Cardigan. Milford Haven, in Pembrokeshire, is a remarkable inlet.

The Dee rises in Wales, and runs, by Chester, into the Irish Sea.

The Mersey rises in Yorkshire, divides Lancashire from Cheshire, is navigable to Stockport, and runs, by Warrington and Liverpool, into the Irish Sea. It receives the Irwell, a navigable river, from Manchester.

Liverpool, with respect to extent of commerce, is the second port of the kingdom. The trade is principally to the West Indies and to America: The Baltic and Portugal branches are also considerable; and the trade to Ireland is very extensive. The slave-trade, so long a disgrace to this country, principally centered here; but it is now happily abolished.

The Ribble runs through the middle of Lancashire, by Preston, into the Irish Sea.

The Lune, or Lon, rises in Westmoreland, and falls, below Lancaster, into the Irish Sea.

The Eden rises also in Wesmoreland, and runs, by Appleby and Carlisle, into the Solway Frith,

Milton has personified some of the principal rivers of England in the following lines:

Rivers arise! whether thou be the son

Of utmost Tweed or Ouse, or gulfy Don,

Or Trent, who, like some earth-born giant, spreads
His thirty arms along th' indented meads;
Or sullen Mole, that runneth underneath,
Or Severn swift, guilty of maiden's death;
Or rocky Avon, or of sedgy Lea,

Or coaly Tyne, or ancient hallow'd Dee:

Or Humber loud, that keeps the Scythian's name,
Or Medway smooth, or royal tower'd Thame.

CANALS.

The carliest inland navigation that can be authenticated is the Sankey canal, leading from the coal-pits at St. Helen's, in Lancashire, to the river Mersey, in order to convey coals to Liverpool; the length of the canal is 12 miles.

The Duke of Bridgewater is regarded as the grand founder of inland navigation. His first canal extends from Worsley Mill to Manchester, by a course of 9 miles. There are subterraneous passages to the coal, in the mountains, of nearly a mile in length, sometimes cut through the solid rock. This beautiful canal is brought over the river Irwell, by an arch of 30 feet in height, and under which barges pass without lowering their masts.

We shall review the other canals in a geographical order, proceeding from north to south.

The Lancaster canal extends from Kendal in Westmoreland, by Lancaster, to West-Houghton in Lancashire, a space of 74 miles.

The canal from Leeds to Liverpool, by Skipton, winds through an extent of 117 miles; and from this canal a branch extends to Manchester.

From Halifax to Manchester is another canal, commonly called that of Rochdale; length 314 miles.

Another canal extends from Manchester towards Wakefield; and another, called the Peak Forest canal, stretches from the former southeast, about 15 miles,

Another joins the river Don, several miles above Doncaster, to the river Calder, near Wakefield.

The Chesterfield canal extends from Chesterfield to the river Trent at Stockwith, a course of 55 miles.

In Lincolnshire, one canal extends from Lincoln to the Trent, and another from Hornecastle to Sleaford.-Grantham canal reaches from that town to the Trent, a course of 30 miles.

Liverpool is connected with Hull by a canal from that long navigable river the Trent. This canal is styled the Grand Trunk: its length is

99 miles.

It was attended with great difficulties, particularly in passing the river Dove in Derbyshire, where there is an aqueduct of 23 arches : the tunnel through the hill of Hare Castle in Staffordshire is in length 2880 yards, more than 70 yards below the surface of the ground, and was executed with great labour and expense.

Several branches extend in various directions from the Grand Trunk ; one reaches to the river Severn, near Bewdley, and connects the port of Bristol with those of Liverpool and Hull: the length is 46 miles.

A canal, proceeding by Shrewsbury, unites the Mersey and the

Severn.

From Coventry, in the centre of the kingdom, canals extend to the Grand Trunk, to Ashby-de-la-Zouch, and to the Braunston, or Grand Junction, canal.

Several inland navigations pass by Birmingham. The Union canal completes a course of 44 miles from Leicester to Northampton, whence the Nen is navigable to the sea. Another canal extends from Glouces

ter to Hereford.

The Severn is united with the Thames by a canal from Stroud to Lechlade, a course of 40 miles.

The Oxford canal extends to the Grand Trunk, or rather joins the Coventry canal, after a course of 92 miles.

The Grand Junction canal reaches from Brentford on the Thames, and joins the Oxford canal at Braunston in Northamptonshire, after a course of 90 miles.

On the south of the Thames, a canal extends from Reading to Bath, Besides these, there are several smaller canals,

TOWNS IN ENGLAND AND WALES, WITH THE POPULATION IN 1811.

[Those places marked with an (*) send members to Parliament. Those printed in Italic are Bishoprics.]