expressed by small lines. Different countries are best distinguished by different colours, or at least the borders of them. Forests are represented by trees; and mountains shaded, to make them appear. Sands are denoted by small points or specks, and rocks under water by a small cross.

11. TO DRAW A MAP OF ANY PARTICULAR COUNTRY. 1st method. For this purpose, the extent of the country must be known as to latitude and longitude. Suppose you want to draw a map of France, which extends from 42o to 52° N. L. and from 4o W. to 12° E. L.; so that its extent from north to south is 10°, and from east to west 16°.

Draw the line AB (fig. 4), for a meridian passing through the middle of the country; on which set off 10° from B to A, taken from a convenient scale, A being the north, and B the south point: through A and B draw the perpendiculars CD, EF, for the extreme parallels of latitude: divide AB into 10 parts, through which draw the other parallels of latitude parallel to the former.

For the meridians, divide any degree in AB into 70 parts, or English miles; then, because the length of a degree in each parallel decreases towards the pole, take from the table containing the length of a degree of longitude in English miles for every degree of latitude, placed at the end of this book, the number of miles answering to the latitude of B (here 42°), which is 52 nearly, and set it off 8 times each way from B towards E and F;-so is EF divided into degrees. Again, from the same table, take the number of miles of a degree in the latitude A (52°), which is 42, and set it off both ways from A towards C and D; then, from the points of division in the line CD, to the corresponding points in the line EF, draw so many right lines for the

meridians; number the degrees of latitude up both sides of the map, and the degrees of longitude on the top and bottom: also, in some vacant place, make a scale for miles, by dividing 1 degree into 70 parts, to serve for finding the distances of places upon the map.

Having the latitudes and longitudes of the principal places, it will be easy to set them down in the map; for any town must be placed where the circles of its latitude and longitude intersect: for instance, Calais, whose latitude is 50° 57' N. and longitude 1° 51′ E. will be at C; and Paris, whose latitude is 48° 50′ N. and longitude 2° 20′ E. will be at P. The sea-coast may be described by setting down the capes and principal places situated upon it, and then drawing a continued line through them all. In the same manner rivers are delineated, by setting down the towns, &c. by which they pass.

2d method. A map of Europe, or of any other quarter of the globe, may be drawn in the same manner as the whole is drawn; but in partial maps an easier way is as follows:-having drawn the meridian AB (fig.4), and divided it into equal parts, as in the last method, through all the points of division draw lines perpendicular to AB for the parallels of latitude: CD, EF, being the extreme parallels: then, to divide these, set off the degrees in each parallel, diminished after the manner directed for the two extreme parallels CD, EF, in the last method; and through all the corresponding points draw the meridians, which will be curve lines, and not straight lines, as they were in the last method. This method is proper for a large tract of country, and may also do for a map of Europe; in which case the meridians and parallels need only be drawn to very 5 or 10 degrees. This method is much used in

drawing maps, as all the parts are nearly of their due magnitude, but a little distorted towards the outside, from the oblique intersection of the meridians and parallels.

3d method. For drawing a large map, suppose North America,-draw PB (fig. 5) of any convenient length, for a meridian; divide it into 9 equal parts, and through the points of division describe as many circles for the parallels of latitude, from the centre P, which represents the pole. Suppose AB the height of the map; then CD will be the parallel passing through the greatest latitude, and EF will represent the equator. Divide the equator into equal parts of the same size as those in AB, both ways beginning at B; divide also all the parallels into the same number of equal parts, but less in proportion to the latitudes, as directed in the last method for the rectilineal parallels: then, through all the corresponding divisions, draw curve lines, which will represent the meridians, the extreme ones being EC and FD: lastly, number the degrees of latitude and longitude, and place a scale of equal parts, either of miles or degrees, for measuring distances. If one of the meridians, in a vacant part of the map, be graduated or divided into degrees, it will serve for measuring distances, and also for the more accurately determining of the latitude of places. This is a very good way of drawing large maps, and is called the globular projection,—all parts of the earth being represented nearly of their due magnitude, excepting that they are a little distorted on the outside.