problems are not all equally interesting, it will sometimes be found advantageous, on the first time of going over the book, to omit problems XX. XXI. XXII. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXV. and XXXVI.

The following problems in Part III. may then be performed, viz.-I. II. III. IV. V. VI. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XXI. XXII. XXIII.

On going a second time over the work, all the problems may be performed in their regular order; and from the knowledge the pupils will have already obtained, they will be better able to attend to those problems that are more difficult. It will also be of use to accustom them to learn the situation of the places mentioned in the list of latitudes and longitudes, and to point them out upon maps: by learning half a column for every lesson, they will soon acquire a knowledge of the whole.

The progress of the pupils should be constantly examined, by making them answer the questions for examination, and perform the examples at the end of the sections.

As a School Atlas, the author begs leave to recommend Ostell's as the best that he has seen.

A greater number of examples to the problems on the globes is given in this edition; and, except to the two first examples in each problem, no answers are inserted. A Key, containing all the answers, is published for the use of teachers.

Academy, Percy-street, Newcastle upon Tyne,
April 4, 1817.

The present edition has been carefully corrected and revised, and such improvements made in it as appeared necessary.

August 2, 1821.

INTRODUCTION,

&c. &c. &c.

PART I.

DEFINITIONS.

GEOGRAPHY is a description of the earth.—The surface of the earth contains land and water. The great collection of water is called the sea or ocean, and this is divided into three principal parts; the Atlantic Ocean, which divides Europe and Africa from America; the Pacific Ocean, or Great South Sea, which divides Asia from America; and the Indian Ocean, which lies east of Africa and south of Asia. Besides these, there are many small seas, some of which take their names from the countries against which they are situated; as, the Irish Sea, the German Sea, &c.

A bay, or gulf, is a part of the sea running into the land; as, the Bay of Biscay, the Bay of Bengal, the Gulf of Venice, &c. If a gulf be very large, it is called an inland Sea; thus, the Gulf of Venice is sometimes called the Adriatic Sea. A small bay is called a creek or haven.

A strait is a narrow part of the sea running between two countries, and connecting two seas; as the Strait of Dover, the Strait of Gibraltar, &c.

A lake is a considerable body of inland fresh water: as, the Lake of Geneva, Lake Ontario, &c.

A considerable stream of inland water, which runs into the sea, is called a river.

A very great extent of land is called a continent, of which there are two: One contains Europe, Asia, and Africa; and the other is America ;-and these are called the four quarters of the world. The former is also called the eastern, and the latter the western, continent.

An island is an extent of land surrounded by the sea; as, Great Britain, Jamaica, &c.

A peninsula is a tract of land every where surrounded by water, except at one narrow neck, by which it is joined to some other land. The narrow neck is called an isthmus. A promontory is a point of land stretching far into the sea, the end of which is called a cape; as, the Cape of Good Hope.

OF THE EARTH IN GENERAL.

The diameter of the earth is 7,958 miles, and its surface contains 198,956,786 square miles, more than two-thirds of which are covered with water.

The seas and unknown parts contain 159,966,217 square miles, the inhabited parts 38,990,569, of which

The following may be taken as an estimate of the popu

Admitting the above calculations to be accurate, the population to every square mile will be-to Europe 34 nearly, to Asia 46, to Africa 3, and in America there are only 3 inhabitants to every 2 square miles.

* Instead of the above numbers, it may be more easy to commit to memory the following, which are nearly correct:

Surface of the Earth....... 199 million square miles.
Seas and unknown parts.... 160

EUROPE.

Europe is situated between the 10th degree west and the 60th degree east longitude from London; and between the 36th and 72d degree of north latitude. It is bounded on the north by the Frozen Ocean,-on the east by Asia,-on the south by the Mediterranean Sea, which divides it from Africa,-and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Its length from east to west, is about 3,300 British miles; and its breadth from north to south, 2,350.

STATES OF EUROPE.

The chief countries of Europe are, four in the north, six in the middle, and four in the south.