torrents, which falling from the rocks and mountains, discharge themselves into the Baltic. There are numerous lakes; the principal are, Wener, and Weter, and lake Maeler an inlet of the Baltic, on which Stockholm stands. This is a mountainous country; the Langfiall and Dofrefiall mountains separate Sweden from Norway.

5. This may be denominated a cold country, but the air is very salubrious, and is not subject to sudden changes: spring and autumn are both unknown.

6. It has been estimated that two thirds of Sweden, are occupied by lakes, mountains, and forests, and that not more than one fourth has been brought into a state of cultivation. The chief wealth arises from its mines. Those of copper and iron are very extensive. Sweden also exports timber, pitch, tar, &c. Deals form the most considerable export from Norway.

8. St. Bartholomew in the West Indies. Rugen, Aland, and Gothland, three islands in the Baltic, belong to Sweden.

9. Three millions six hundred thousand, being 10 inhatants to each square mile.

10. The superior classes of the Swedes very much resemble the French. The lower classes are simple, honest, industrious, and hospitable,

11. An absolute monarchy. The present king is Charles XIV. The religion is Lutheran.

12. Amongst the wild animals are the lynx, the bear, the wolf, the beaver, the otter, and the glutton. The rein deer is the most useful animal in Norway.

13. The peninsula of Norway and Sweden was anciently called Scandinavia.

RUSSIA.

This empire, including Siberia, extends from the Baltic and Sweden on the west, to Kamschatka and the Eastern ocean: and from the Arctic Sea on the north, to the boundaries of Turkey, the Euxine and Caspian Seas, Eastern and Western Tartary, and other unknown regions of Asia on the south.

1. N. by the Arctic Ocean-E. by Russia in Asia-S. by the Black Sea and Turkey-and W. by Austria, Prussia, and Sweden.

2. Between 44° and 69° N. L. and from 22° to 66° E. L. 3. Length 1600 miles and breadth 1000 miles. It contains 1,600,000 square miles. Including Russia in Asia, the length is 9200 miles, and breadth 2400 miles.

4. The Wolga, the Don, the Nieper, the Niester, the Petshora, and the Dwina, are the principal rivers. The Uralian mountains run from N. to S. and separate Europe from Asia. The lakes are Ladoga, Onega, and Peypus. European Russia contains plains of prodigious extent.

5. Russia presents all the various climates in Europe, from that of the frozen regions of Lapland to the mild temperature of Italy.

6. The principal exports are hemp, flax, leather, tallow, furs, and coarse cloths: with isinglass, salt-petre, timber, pot-ash, bees-wax, and honey. The imports are, wines, brandy, rum, sugar, tea, together with various manufactured goods from England.

The commerce and manufactures of Russia have been increasing ever since the time of Peter the Great. The commerce is carried on from ports greatly distant from each other: the Baltic, the White Sea, the Caspian and the Black Sea, all contribute to its extension.

7. Russia in Europe contains the following governments, named after those towns in which courts of judicature are established.

Finland, formerly a part of Sweden, is now united to Russia: the

chief town is Abo.

Asiatic Russia contains the Governments of Perm, Oufa, Kholyvan, Tobolsk, and Irkutsk.

8. The isles of Osel and Dago in the Baltic, and Spitzbergen in the Arctic Ocean, belong to Russia; but no colonies of importance belong to this empire.

9. European Russia 34 millions, having 21 inhabitants to each square mile.

19. The Russians are hardy, vigorous, and patient of labour, remarkably cheerful in their disposition, and in no country are the lower classes more contented with their situation than the Russians. Singing is a favourite amusement.

11. An absolute monarchy. The present emperor is Alexander. The established religion in Russia is that of the Greek Church.

12. The sea bear of Nova Zembla, the wolf, the lynx, the elk, &c.

13. Sarmatia, but this country was almost wholly unknown to the ancients.

FRANCE.

1. N. by the British Channel-E. by Germany-S. by the Mediterranean and Spain-W. by the Bay of Biscay. 2. Between 42° and 51° N. L. and 5° W. and 8° E. L. 3. 600 miles in length and 560 in breadth, and contains 204,000 square miles.

4. The four largest rivers in France, are, the Seine, the Loire, the Garronne, and the Rhone. France may be called a level country, though in the eastern part there are two ranges of mountains; the Vosges, running parallel with the Rhine, and the Cevennes further to the S. running

parallel with the Rhone. The Pyrenees form a natural boundary between France and Spain.

5. The climate of this country may be divided into the northern, which yields no wine-the middle, which produces no maize-the southern, which produces wine, maize, and olives.

6. The chief exports of France are wine, brandy, and silk manufactures. The manufactures and commerce decreased very much during the late revolution. Formerly the silk manufactures of Lyons were estimated to employ 60,000 people. There are several canals in this country.

7. France was formerly divided into provinces: but, since the revolution, it has been divided into departments. The following table contains both divisions.