PRUSSIA.

1. N. by the Baltic-E. by Russia-S. by Austria-and W. by Germany.

2. It extends from 50° to 55° N. L. and from 11° to 24°

E. L.

3. Length 600, breadth 300 miles; about 107,000 square miles.

4. The surface of Prussia is diversified with hills and plains, but no part can be called mountainous, except Silesia, in which is an extension of the Carpathian chain, called the Sudetic mountains. Several of the rivers enumerated in Germany run through Prussia; but the Oder and the Pregel are the only ones which may be regarded as Prussian rivers.

5. The climate is moist and cold, and the forests and marshes in many places render it unhealthy.

6. The staple manufacture of Prussia is linen: it also possesses manufactures of woollen, cotton, silk, iron, and porcelain. The exports are timber, corn, flax, &c. Amber is almost peculiar to Prussia, and is found in great abundance on the shores of the Baltic.

Swedish Pomerania has lately been added to Prussia; its chief town is Stralsund.

8. Prussia has no foreign possessions.

9. Ten millions and a half, about 98 inhabitants to a square mile.

10. The manners and customs of the Prussians are similar to those of the Germans; they are allowed to be a brave and upright people; unaffected and industrious.

11. An absolute monarchy. The established religion is the Protestant, under the two denominations of Lutheran and Calvinistic; the present king is Frederic William III.

SPAIN.

1. N. By the Bay of Biscay and the Pyrenees-E. by the Mediterranean-S. by the Mediterranean, the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Bay of Cadiz-and W. by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean.

2. Between 36° and 44° N. L. and between 9° W. and 34° E. L.

3. Length 600 miles, breadth 500; number of square miles about 190,000.

4. The surface of this kingdom is agreeably diversified. Numerous rivers adorn the lower parts of the country, and the long chain of lofty mountains gives a grandeur to the landscape. The chief rivers are the Tagus, the Douro, Gaudiana, Gaudalquiver, Ebro, Xucar, and Segura.

5. From the situation of Spain, it would be one of the hottest countries in Europe, were it not for the extensive ridges of mountains, and the great extent of sea coast; these causes tend very much to lessen the heat. The air is gene

rally dry and healthy, except at the time of the equinoctial rains.

6. The finest fruits grow almost spontaneously in Spain, as oranges, lemons, prunes, citrons, almonds, grapes, figs, &c. The Spanish sheep are superior to those of any other country for the fineness of their wool. The manufactures and commerce of Spain have been long in a declining state.

The Spaniards exchange their gold and silver brought from America, for the merchandize of other European countries.

7. The most recent divisions of Spain are the following:

8. The Spanish colonies are very extensive: they include New Mexico and Florida, in N. America; Chili, Peru, and La Plata, in S. America; the isles of Cuba and Porto Rico, in the W. Indies; the Canary Isles, in the Atlantic Ocean; the Philippine Isles, belonging to Asia; and the Ladrone Isles, in Polynesia.

9. About ten millions five hundred thousand, being fiftyfive inhabitants to a square mile.

10. The Spaniards are remarkable for gravity of deportment and taciturnity. Their character is highly respectable for integrity and generosity. Their chief defect is an aversion from agriculture and commerce, and a bigotted devotion to the clergy.

11. An absolute monarchy. The Roman Catholic in its most intolerant state. The present king is Ferdinand VII.

12. The Merino sheep have already been mentioned: the Spanish horses are esteemed for their spirit, and the elegance of their forms. The asses and mules are superior to those of other European countries. Wolves are the only beasts of prey in Spain. 13. Hispania or Hesperia.

PORTUGAL.

1. N. and E. by Spain-S. and W. by the Atlantic Ocean.

2. Between 37° and 42° N. L. and between 6° and 10° W.L.

3. Length 360, breadth 120; and its superficial contents have been estimated at 41,000 square miles.

4. The surface of this country is similar to that of Spain, and the rivers which run through it all rise in Spain, as the Tagus and the Douro.

5. The climate of Portugal is one of the most delightful and salubrious in Europe; the solar heat is moderated by cooling breezes, and vegetation refreshed by showers from the Atlantic. The mean temperature of Lisbon is 60° of Fahrenheit's thermometer.

6. Both manufactures and agriculture are much neglected in Portugal. The principal exports are wine, oil, fruit, wools, silk, and cork; with sugar, tobacco, spices, Brazil wood, ivory, gold, precious stones, and other products of the tropical climate. Most of the Portuguese wine is exported to Great Britain, under the name of Port.

7. It is divided into six provinces.

Middle {Estremadura
Alentejo

South {Algarva

Towns.
Oporto, Viana, Braga
Miranda, Braganza

Coimbra, Guarda
Lisbon, Leira, St. Ubes

Evora, Elvas, Beja
Faro, Lagos, Tavora

8. Portugal still retains considerable colonial possessions, viz. the Azore Islands; Brazil, in South America ; the Madeira and Cape Verd Islands; the settlement of Goa, on the Malabar coast of India; and Macao, in China.

9. Two and a half millions.

10. The Portuguese very much resemble the Spaniards. The pride and prejudices of the great are equally prevalent in both countries. The lower classes are honest and sober, affectionate to their parents, and respectful to their superiors. The peasants are still in a state of vassalage to the Fidalgoes, or gentlemen.

11. A monarchy. Their religion is the Roman Catholic, with all the horrors of the Inquisition. The present king is John Maria Lewis Joseph.

12. The plants and animals are similar to those in Spain. The cork tree is very common in this country. 13. Lusitania,