ITALY.

1. N. by Switzerland-E. by the Gulph of Venice -S. and W. by the Mediterranean.

2. Between 36° and 47° N. L. and 7° and 19° E. L. 3. Length 670 miles, breadth 100; its superficial contents amount to 103,480 square miles.

4. The surface of Italy is extremely diversified with hills and valleys, rivers, lakes, and mountains: towards the North are the Alps-and the Appenines run nearly the whole extent from N. W. to S. E. The largest rivers are the Po, the Adige, and the Tiber.

5. The climate of Italy is considerably diversified. Towards the N. the summits of the Alps are covered with perpetual snow. During the whole length of this peninsula, the Appenines in the middle, and the sea coast on each side, considerably lessen the violence of the heat. The atmosphere usually possesses great serenity. But there are many marshy tracts from which noxious vapours are exhaled, and in the south the Sirocco wind prevails.

6. Italy is rich in mineral treasures: it contains gold, silver, copper, cobalt, antimony, arsenic, zinc, and plumbago; but one of its most important minerals is quicksilver. Its chief exports are silks, a variety of choice wines, and the finest oils in Europe. The imports are Indian products, broad cloths, and other manufactured goods.

7. Italy is divided into Lombardy, Piedmont, Genoa, Parma, Tuscany, the Papal Dominions, and the kingdom of Naples. The chief towns are Turin, Milan, Florence, Leghorn, Rome, and Naples.

8. The chief Italian islands are Sicily and Malta,

9. The whole population of Italy may be estimated at thirteen millions.

10. The manners of the modern Italians are those of a degenerate and humiliated people; complimentary, artificial, wary, and distrustful, and little bound by moral principle, yet amiable and gentle in the common intercourse of society. The Italians are famous for their skill in music.

11. The government varies in different states. Naples and Sicily are governed by a king. The middle part is under the dominion of the Pope; and the northern part is divided into a number of petty states.

12. The vegetable products of all the southern regions of the temperate zone attain perfection in Italy. 13. This country still retains its ancient name.

TURKEY.

1. N. by Russia and Austria-E. by the Black Sea, the Bosphorus, the sea of Marmora, and the Archipelago-S. by the Mediterranean-and W. by the Adriatic.

2. Between 36° and 46° N. L. and between 15° and 30° E. L.

3. Length 630, breadth 570 miles; the square miles may be estimated at 197,000.

4. Turkey contains a number of mountains: the most noted are Pindus and Olympus, celebrated in the Grecian fables; Parnassus consecrated to the muses; Hacmus and Athos.

5. The general climate of this country is warm, but in some of the elevated regions it is subject to severe cold,

This was formerly the finest country in the world, but owing to the ignorance of the Turks, and the despotism of the government, it is now the most miserable.

6. Carpets and leather are the chief manufactures; the other exports are rhubarb, opium, figs, currants, saffron, &c. with cotton, raw silk, and fine marble from the island of Paros. The chief imports are coffee from Arabia, sugar, spices, cloths, muslins, wrought silks, glass, hardware, and corn.

8. The islands surrounding Turkey are very numerous; the largest are Candia and Negropont.

9. Six millions seven hundred thousand, being about 34 inhabitants to a square mile.

10. The deportment of the Turks is solemn and slow, and they appear sedate, passive, and humble; but they are easily provoked, are so very vindictive that they will abandon their avarice to gratify their revenge. They sit cross-legged upon carpets.

F

11. The Emperor of Turkey is despotic; the religion is the Mahometan. The present Emperor is Mahmoud II.

12. The horses are noted for their spirit, and the sheep for the beauty of their spiral horns.

13. Greece, Thrace, and Macedon.

Town.

Country.

Sea or River.

13 50 E

37 11 N

Exports and Imports.

Considerable trade-it is the port for the Danish East
India Company-it is 2 miles W. of Hamburgh.