1883, p. 93]. Both of the proceedings in question were conducted according to the regular forms of procedure provided by the respective statutes.

[1] The first proposition urged by appellants is that, since the petition for annexation was received and acted upon by the commission of the city of Alhambra and an annexation election had been called prior to the commencement of the proceedings for the organization of the city of Monterey Park, the board of supervisors of Los Angeles County did not have jurisdiction to entertain and act upon a petition calling for proceedings to organize a city including a part of the same territory while the annexation proceedings were pending. In considering this contention let it be assumed that valid annexation proceedings were pending at the time when the incorporation proceedings of defendant city were commenced. The question involved does not appear to have been passed upon by the courts of this state. The only decisions referred to in the briefs are those cited by appellants, and they all sustain the proposition stated. Especially in point are People v. Morrow, 181 Ill. 315, [54 N. E. 839]; Taylor v. City of Ft. Wayne, 47 Ind. 274; Independent District of Shelton v. Board of Supervisors, 51 Iowa, 658, [2 N. W. 590]. The Illinois. decision contains a statement of the other two cases, and the court said: "As between courts of co-ordinate jurisdiction, the tribunal first acquiring jurisdiction retains it, and is not to be interfered with by another co-ordinate court. The reason of the rule is that otherwise confusion and conflict would arise. Here power is given over the same territory to two parties authorized to act,-one a city council or board of trustees, who may attach it to a municipality to which it is. adjacent; the other, a majority of the legal voters within its. boundary, who may organize it into a village." Further along it is said: "It cannot, we think, be presumed that the legislature intended to give citizens and legal voters of certain territory the power to organize a village, and at the same time authorize other parties, by a subsequent proceeding, to defeat that right; and it is clear that to hold otherwise would be to bring into conflict, resulting in confusion, the two opposing powers, or, speaking in a general sense, jurisdictions. Had the petition for annexation been first presented to the city council, and its action postponed from time to time, until, by a subsequent proceeding, the organization of

the territory into a village had been perfected, the same question would be presented, and we do not think in that case it could reasonably be held that the power of the city council to carry out the annexation proceeding would be defeated. The question, as it arises under our statute and decisions, is a new one, and not wholly free from difficulty, but we think the foregoing views are sustained by both reason and authority."

Respondents endeavor to break the force of these decisions in two ways. First, they say that the rule to the effect that when courts have concurrent jurisdiction of the same subject matter the first that assumes jurisdiction excludes the other, does not apply unless the parties are the same or stand in privity to each other and the points in litigation or the redress sought in both courts are identical. They insist that in each of the three cases above mentioned the territory over which the two municipalities sought to acquire jurisdiction was identical, whereas in the case at bar it is not identical, and that this fact creates an exception which takes the case out of the general rule. Reference to the decisions above cited, however, shows that the territory involved in the respective opposing proceedings was not identical, except in the Illinois case. Nor do we think that the fact that one proceeding includes some territory not included in the other is alone sufficient to take the case out of the rule.

[2] The other contention urged by respondents in opposi tion to the proposition stated is based upon the provisions of section 7 of the Annexation Act of 1913, as amended in 1915. (Stats. 1915, p. 309.) That section deals with the exclusiveness of annexation proceedings first instituted by one city as against annexation proceedings affecting the same territory and instituted by another city while the first proceedings remain pending. As to a controversy arising out of such conflicting annexation proceedings, the statute speaks unnecessarily, if the unwritten law relied upon by appellants, and to which we have already referred, would be applicable to such a case. We are satisfied that it would so apply and that section 7 is merely declaratory of existing law. Respondents argue, however, that by reason of the enactment of section 7 the legislature sought to fix and limit the jurisdiction of a municipality attempting to annex under that act, and that it should be presumed that the legislature expressed

all it intended to express and granted all jurisdiction that it intended to grant to municipalities annexing thereunder. They say that the legal maxim applies, "expressio unius est exclusio alterius." We think, however, that section 7 was intended to declare and place beyond doubt the disability of one city to annex territory during the pendency of proceedings by another city to annex the same territory, and was not enacted as a limitation of the jurisdiction of the municipality first acting in the matter. The creation of a new and separate municipal corporation through the action of the county authorities and including the territory proposed to be annexed is not a part of the subject matter of said section 7. That section and the entire act in which it is included dealt solely with the subject of annexations and not with the original creation of municipal corporations.

We come now to the question whether, as contended by respondents, the annexation proceedings were in fact void. The territory included in the annexation proceedings was in those proceedings treated as one tract of inhabited territory adjoining the city of Alhambra. Its real character was that of a series of parcels of land. This is made manifest by anaylsis of the description, and is exhibited to the eye by inspection of defendants' exhibit "A," which is shown in the transcript. The entire territory contains 661.82 acres, far the greater part of which is, and at all times herein mentioned was, a tract of land belonging to the relators, situated nearly two miles south of the south boundary of the city of Alhambra, as that city was constituted on the seventeenth day of April, 1916. For convenience, this tract is in the record called "new sewer farm." The remainder of the annexation territory consists of (1) three narrow strips (nowhere more than three hundred feet wide), which run around the north, the east and the south sides of a tract of land designated in the record as "old sewer farm," which belongs to the city of Pasadena and is located immediately east of the city of Alhambra; (2) five strips of land connecting the three abovementioned strips with the new sewer farm. These five strips consist of (a) a parcel thirty feet wide, being the south half of that part of Hellman Avenue; (b) a parcel seventy feet wide, being the entire width of Garfield Avenue; (c) a parcel sixty feet wide, being the entire width of Newmark Avenue;

(d) a parcel seventy feet wide, being the entire width of Ramona Avenue; (e) a parcel fifty feet wide and approximately one mile in length, extending southwesterly from Ramona Avenue to the new sewer farm. The only inhabitants of the annexation territory were eight persons who lived in three houses, all of which were situated on one acre on the strip lying east of the old sewer farm, at a point 3.54 miles from the north limits of the new sewer farm. The highways included in the annexation territory extend through a thickly populated section of Monterey Park, and the lines of annexation were so drawn that they exclude thirty-one electors, thirty-eight homes, and ninety-three inhabitants living along and adjacent to said highways. Also the lines were so drawn that the ranch house and inhabitants thereof on the new sewer farm were eliminated from the annexation territory, as was also a power station and cottage located on an adjacent corner to the new sewer farm. These lines of exclusion made indentations into the area which naturally was a part of the same territory with the new sewer farm. The result of these exclusions was that all of the tracts involved in the annexation territory were uninhabited, except the tract on which said eight persons lived. These eight persons were all employees working on the old sewer farm, and they were the sole signers of the petition by which the annexation proceedings were instituted.

[3] On these facts it is too plain to admit any doubt that the annexation proceedings were on their face an attempt by the flimsiest subterfuge to treat as inhabited various uninhabited tracts of land, and to annex them to the city of Alhambra under the form of proceedings prescribed by a statute which applies solely to annexation of inhabited territory. It is likewise clear that such proceedings were a palpable fraud upon the inhabitants of the community through whose lands the cord of connection was run from the land adjoining Alhambra to the limits of the new sewer farm. The annexation petition showed on its face that several of the parcels included were public highways and that therefore they could not be inhabited territory.

"It is not disputed that there are in force in California three separate statutes under which annexations of territory to municipalities may be made: Act of 1889 (Stats. 1889,

p. 358), of 1899 (Stats. 1899, p. 37), and of 1913 (Stats. 1913, p. 587). The distinctive features of these acts, as far as germane to the present consideration and pointed out by respondents, are as follows: (1) Act of 1889 for annexation of inhabited territory upon petition of electors of existing city; (2) act of 1899 for annexation of uninhabited territory; (3) act of 1913 for annexation of inhabited territory upon petition of electors in territory proposed to be annexed, which territory may be either (a) one body (sections 2 to 4), or (b) two or more bodies, which must be submitted as separate propositions (section 6)." (People v. City of Lemoore, 37 Cal. App. 79, [174 Pac. 93].)

People v. Town of Ontario, 148 Cal. 625, [84 Pac. 205], was an action to determine the validity of municipal annexation proceedings. The original city area was in the form of a square. The proposed annexation was of a broad band of territory completely surrounding the city. It was claimed that some of the included parcels of land were uninhabited, and therefore could not be annexed except by proceedings under the act of 1899. In response to this claim, the court (page 641) said: "Upon this branch of the case, a full consideration of the acts of the legislature satisfies us that the act of 1899 was never designed to in any way affect any of the provisions of the act of 1889, so far as territory which, taken as a whole, may fairly be said to be inhabited territory is concerned, and the evidence in the case at bar was such as to sustain the conclusion of the court below to the effect that the territory here annexed was of that character, notwithstanding the presence of several uninhabited tracts or parcels, each exceeding five acres in area. If the 'territory' proposed to be annexed, regarded as a whole, may fairly be said to be inhabited, the proceedings must be had under the act of 1889, regardless of the number of parcels of land included therein that are uninhabited. Any other construction of the act of 1899 would materially affect the act of 1889, which, it is clearly indicated, was never intended. It is expressly provided in section 5 of the act of 1889 [1899] that nothing in this act shall be deemed to repeal the provisions of any act now providing for the annexation of inhabited territory.'" There may be cases wherein it would be difficult to pass upon the question whether a described territory "regarded as a

40 Cal. App,-46