The growth of the foreign-born population has raised serious problems in this country. Figs. 227 to 230 illustrate graphically the

relative proportions of our for

eign-born as found in the years 1870, 1890, 1910, and 1922. The changes that have taken place suggest interesting questions. Study these graphs, and discuss the changes in the foreign-born population for the various countries. For what country is the increase largest? For what country is the decrease largest? For what country is the change least? Can you find explanations for these changes?

Make a study of Figs. 227 to 230, and tell what these

FIG. 227. OUR FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN 1870.

FIG. 228. OUR FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN 1890.

FIG. 229. OUR FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN 1910.

FIG. 230. OUR FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN 1922.

119. Making a circular graph. To make a circular graph from a given table of numerical facts, proceed as follows:

1. Divide each of the items in the table by the sum of all. For example, to show what portion of the money was used for education (Fig. 226), divide 19 by 100.

2. Divide the circle in the same ratio. Let n be the number of degrees in the required arc representing education. Then

4. With a protractor draw a central angle equal to 68.4°.

5. Similarly, find the number of degrees in the arcs corresponding to the other items in the table. Add the results as a check of accuracy, and draw the angles in a circle as in Fig. 226. Mark each item in the corresponding angle.

EXERCISES

1. The income of a certain family, in which everybody has to help pay expenses by earning some money, is as follows: The father earns $1400, the mother $27 by doing special work, and the children $180. Boarders contribute $144, and $45 comes from

other sources. The mother, who has to manage the household, must spend the money wisely and carefully.

She plans her expenditures as follows: She allows for food and fuel $936, for rent $324, and for clothing $216. The remainder is set aside for sickness, insurance, education, furniture, savings, and incidental expenses. Using the method given on page 180, construct a circular graph representing the incomes earned by the members of the family, and one representing the expenditures.

2. In a school of eight grades, the number of pupils in each grade is as follows:

Grades.....

1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 Total

No. of pupils..... 32 27 26 24 22 18 8 6 163 Represent the facts in this table by means of a circular graph.

3. In 1920 the population, in millions, in the United States, was as stated below:

Represent these facts by means of a circular graph.

4. The sales of a store for 1924 amounted to $45,000. The cost of the goods sold amounted to $30,000, and the expenses were $10,000. The remainder was profit. Illustrate these facts by means of a circle graph.

5. The tax-rate table below shows how the money obtained from taxes is divided in various sections of a large city. Following the suggestions given on page 180, make a circular graph for each.