1. What is multiplication? 2. What is the number to be multiplied called? 3. to multiply by called? 4. What is the result or answer called? 5. Taken collectively, what are the multiplicand and multiplier called? 6. What is the sign of multiplication? 7. What does it show? 8. In what order must the given number be placed for multiplication? 9. How do you proceed when the multiplier is less than 12? 10. When it exceeds 12, what is the method of procedure? 11. What is a composite number? 12. What is to be understood by the component parts, or factors, of any number? 13. How may you proceed when the multiplier is a composite number? 14. To multiply by 10, 100, 1000, &c., what suffices? 15. Why? 16. When there are ciphers on the right hand of the multiplicand, multiplier, either or both, how may we proceed? 17. When there are ciphers between the significant figures of the multiplier, how are they to be treated?

EXERCISES.

1. An army of 10700 men, having plundered a city, took so much money, that, when it was shared among them, each man received 46 dollars; what was the sum of money taken?

2. Supposing the number of houses in a certain town to be 145, each house, on an average, containing two families, and each family 6 members, what would be the number of inhabitants in that town? Ans. 1740.

3. If 46 men can do a piece of work in 60 days, how many men will it take to do it in one day?

4. Two men depart from the same place, and travel in opposite directions, one at the rate of 27 miles a day, the other 31 miles a day; how far apart wiil they be at the end of 6 days? Ans. 348 miles. 5. What number is that, the factors of which are 4, 7, 6, and 20? Ans. 3360. 6. If 18 men can do a piece of work in 90 days, how long will it take one man to do the same?

7. What sum of money must be divided between 27 men, so that each man may receive 115 dollars?

8. There is a certain number, the factors of which are 89 and 265; what is that number?

9. What is that number, of which 9, 12, and 14 are factors?

10. If a carriage wheel turn round 346 times in running 1 mile, how many times will it turn round in the distance from New York to Philadelphia, it being 95 miles.

Ans. 32870. 11. In one minute are 60 seconds; how many seconds in 4 minutes? in 5 minutes? in 20 minutes?

in 40 minutes?

12. In one hour are 60 minutes;

in two hours?

how many seconds in how many seconds from

an hour?
nine o'clock in the morning till noon?

13. In one dollar are 6 shillings; how many shillings in

3 dollars?

in 300 dollars?

in 467 dollars?

14. Two men, A and B, start from the same place at the same time, and travel the same way; A travels 52 miles a day, and B 44 miles a day; how far apart will they be at the end of 10 days?

for

15. If the interest of 100 cents, for one year, be 6 cents, how many cents will be the interest for 2 years? 4 years? for 10 years?

years?

for 35 years?

for 84

16. If the interest of one dollar, for one year, be six cents, hat is the interest for 2 dollars the same time?

tollars?

7 dollars?

8 dollars?

-5

95 dollars?

17. A farmer sold 468 pounds of pork, at 6 cents a pound, and 48 pounds of cheese, at 7 cents a pound; how many cents must he receive in pay?

18. A boy bought 10 oranges; he kept 7 of them, and sold the others for 5 cents apiece; how many cents did he receive? 19. The component parts of a certain number are 4, 5, 7, 6, 9, 8, and 3; what is the number?

20. In 1 hogshead are 63 gallons; how many gallons in 8 hogsheads? In 1 gallon are 4 quarts; how many quarts in 8 hogsheads? In 1 quart are 2 pints; how many pints in 8 hogsheads?

DIVISION

OF SIMPLE NUMBERS.

14. 1. James divided 12 apples among 4 boys; how many did he give each boy?

2. James would divide 12 apples among 3 boys; how many must he give each boy?

3. John had 15 apples, and gave them to his playmates, who received 3 apples each; how many boys did he give them to? 4. If you had 20 cents, how many cakes could you buy at 4 cents apiece?

5. How many yards of cloth could you buy for 30 dollars, at 5 dollars a yard?

6. If you pay 40 dollars for 10 yards of cloth, what is one yard worth?

7. A man works 6 days for 42 shillings; how many shilLings is that for one day?

8. How many quarts in 4 pints?

in 10 pints?

9. How many times is 8 contained in 88 ?

in 6 pints?

10. If a man can travel 4 miles an hour, how many hours would it take him to travel 24 miles?

11. In an orchard there are 28 trees standing in rows, and there are 3 trees in a row; how many rows are there? Remark. When any one thing is divided into two equal parts, one of those parts is called a half; if into 3 equal parts, one of those parts is called a third; if into four equal parts, one part is called a quarter or a fourth; if into five, one part is called a fifth, and so on.

D

12. A boy had two apples, and gave one half an apple to each of his companions; how many were his companions? 13. A boy divided four apples among his companions, by giving them one third of an apple each; among how many did he divide his apples?

14. How many quarters in 3 oranges ?

15. How many oranges would it take to give 12 boys one quarter of an orange each?

16. How much is one half of 12 apples?

17. How much is one third of 12?

18. How much is one fourth of 12?

19. A man had 30 sheep, and sold one fifth of them; how many of them did he sell?

20. A man' purchased sheep for 7 dollars apiece, and paid for ther. all 63 dollars; what was their number?

21. How many oranges, at 3 cents each, may be bought for 12 cents?

It is plain, that as many times as 3 cents can be taken from 12 cents, so many oranges may be bought; the object. therefore, is to find how many times 3 is contained in 12.

¶ 15. It is plain, that the cost of one orange, (3 cents,) multiplied by the number of oranges, (4,) is equal to the cost of all the oranges, (12 cents;) 12 is, therefore, a product, and 3 one of its factors; and to find how many times 3 is contained in 12, is to find the other factor, which, multiplied into 3, will produce 12. This factor we find, by trial, to be 4, (4 × 3 = 12;) consequently, 3 is contained in 12 4 times. Ans. 4 oranges.

22. A man would divide 12 oranges equally among 3 children; how many oranges would each child have?

Here the object is to divide the 12 oranges into 3 equal

parts, and to ascertain the number of oranges in each of those parts. The operation is evidently as in the last example, and consists in finding a number, which, multiplied by 3, will produce 12. This number we have already found to be 4.

Ans. 4 oranges apiece. As, therefore, multiplication is a short way of performing many additions of the same number; so, division is a short way of performing many subtractions of the same number; and may be defined, The method of finding how many times one number is contained in another, and also of dividing a number into any number of equal parts. In all cases, the process of division consists in finding one of the factors of a given product, when the other factor is known.

The number given to be divided is called the dividend, and answers to the product in multiplication. The number given to divide by is called the divisor, and answers to one of the factors in multiplication. The result, or answer sought, is called the quotient, (from the Latin word quoties, how many?) and answers to the other factor.

SIGN. The sign for division is a short horizontal line between two dots, ÷. It shows that the number before it is to be divided by the number after it. Thus 27 ÷ 9- 3 is read, 27 divided by 9 is equal to 3; or, to shorten the expression, 27 by 9 is 3; or, 9 in 27 3 times. In place of the dots, the dividend is often written over the line, and the divisor under it, to express division; thus, 273, read as before.

The reading used by the pupil in committing the table may be, 2 by 2 is 1, 4 by 2 is 2, &c.; or, 2 in 2 one time, 2 in 4 two times, &c.