pressed by the hand, direct the current of air upon them are all concealed. We have drawn the hand-boards as though they were made to face us. The right hand is passed through the strap so that its thumb can command the valve at the side, and its fingers the pegs by which the notes are produced. In a similar manner the left hand is passed through the other strap, so that its fingers can press the pegs of the other board. You can thus open or close the bellows with the hands while the fingers are at liberty to play. Be very careful not to draw or press the bellows without either opening the valve or pressing one of the pegs. If you use such careless violence the metallic tongues will soon be put out of tune. The use of the valve is this: If you have drawn out the bellows to the full extent and wish, for the production of some note, to draw them again, hold down the valve and press the bellows. The air will thus escape without a sound, and you are liberty to draw the bellows again just as you please. If you have pressed down the bellows to the full extent and should wish to press them yet again, you can, in a similar way, draw with the valve held down, and then press as you please. Holding down any one of the pegs with your finger you can produce two notes, one while the bellows is pressed together, and the other while it is drawn out. We have placed above the pegs in the diagram the solfa names of the notes which they produce. Those printed in capitals are produced by pressing the bellows, those in small letters are produced by drawing out the bellows. These solfa names of the notes apply to both rows of pegs alike; the higher row of pegs playing in the key of c, and the lower row in the key of e. will give him ME and FAH. In the same manner the fifth peg will give him soH and LAH. But now, in order to continue ascending the scale on the right-hand board, he must no longer press and draw, but draw and press. A similar alteration in the recurrence of the pressing and drawing occurs in the higher part of the right-hand board, where the tw draw-notes, LAH and TE, are required to follow each other. Our diagram will explain this. The first and second pegs of the left-hand board give notes which are very useful as accompanying harmony, but of harmony we must not begin to speak at present. With this instrument our pupils can play most of our exercises. They can play them in two parts if they please. Two of the "accidentals," those most frequently occurring, can be obtained on the instruments with two rows of pegs. Thus, if you are playing in the key of c, that is, on the higher row of pegs, you can get the "accidental," which we call Tu (commonly called the sharp fourth, but really the seventh of a new key, of which we shall have more to say in future lessons), by drawing, on the first peg of the lower row on the right-hand board; or on the second peg of the left-hand board. Tu is, in fact, the TE of another key. Again, if you are playing in the key of e, that is, on the lower row of pegs, you can get the “accidental" FI (commonly called the flat seventh, but really the fourth of a new key), by drawing, on either the fourth peg of the left-hand board or the third peg of the right-hand board. Fi is, in fact, the FAH of another key. These instruments are now commonly sold, if with one row of pegs on each board (playing only in the key of c), for about eight or ten shillings; if with two rows of pegs (playing in the keys of c and G), for The learner will notice that all the press-notes are those of the about fifteen or eighteen shillings. The cheapest we have seen tonic chord DOH, ME, SOH. So that if you were to hold down were at the musical-instrument makers above named. More exall the pegs at once, and press the bellows, you would produce pensive instruments are made with three rows of pegs, and good harmony. This is a great help to the memory. Let the with two additional pegs. They need not be here described. pupil who possesses such an instrument begin by holding down Of the other difficulty of our correspondents, the "moveable the middle peg of the left-hand board, and pressing the bellows. DOH, or key-note," we must speak in the next lesson. MeanThis will give him DоH. Next let him draw the bellows, hold-time let our pupils practise carefully the following exercise. ing down the same peg. This will give him RAY. Next, It is intended to exhibit the contrasted effects of ME and So¤ (the kolding down the fourth peg, let him press and draw, This third and fifth of the scale) in a somewhat quick movement. My foot falls lightly on the sward Its unforgotten print. Old places have a charm for me LESSONS IN FRENCH.-No. XXIII. 1. THE verb seair [3 ir. Sect. 46, R. 3], is also used unipersonally : Il ne vous sied pas de parler ainsi. It does not become you to speak thus. 2. The verb convenir [2 ir. see § 62], to suit, is at times used unipersonally. It then signifies to be suitable, advisable, &c. :Il convient de lui écrire. It is advisable to write to him. Cette personne est riche de cinq That person is worth five thousand mille piastres. dollars. 6. Valoir mieux, conjugated unipersonally, means to be better; valoir la peine, to be worth the while : Il vaut mieux travailler que d'être It is better to labour than to be idle. oisif. 13. De combien le négociant, est il riche? 14. Je ne puis vous le dire au juste, il est riche d'une centaine de mille francs. 15. Ne vaut il pas mieux rester ici que d'aller au marché? 16. Il vaut mieux aller au marché. 17. Votre chaîne d'or vaut elle plus que la mienne? 18. Elle vaut tout autant. 19. Elle ne vaut pas grand'chose, elle est cassée. 20. Cela vaut il cin 22. quante francs? 21. Cela vaut tout au plus deux francs? Avez vous demandé au marchand ce que cela vaut? 23. Je ne le lui ai pas demandé. 24. Il m'assure que cela vaut une centaine de francs. EXERCISE 96. 1. How much is my house worth? 2. It is worth about twenty thousand francs. 8. Is that horse worth as much as this one? 4. This horse is worth two hundred dollars, and that one three hundred. 5. Is it worth the while to write to 7. Is it your brother? 6. It is not worth the while. worth the while to go out when one does not wish to walk? 8 It is not (n'en) worth the while. 9. Does it suit you to write to my brother to-morrow? 10. It does not suit me to write to him. 11. Does it become you to reproach me with my neserve it. 13. What is that man worth? 14. I cannot tell 12. It becomes me to blame (blûmer) you when you glect 15. Is that cloth you exactly, about fifty thousand francs. good? 16. No, Sir, it is good for nothing. 17. Is your gun worth as much as mine? 18. Yes, Sir, it is worth more. Will you go to my father's? 20. No, Sir, I have something else to do. 21. Is it better to go to market early than late? 22. It is better to go early. 23. How much may your horse be worth? 24. It is not worth much, it is very old. 25. Is your watch better than mine? 26. It is not worth much, it does not go. 27. Is that book worth two francs 28. It is worth one, at most. 29. Have you asked your sister what that, book is worth? 30. I have not. [Sect. 24, R. 12. Sect. 46, R. 4.] 31. What must I do? 32. You must speak to your father. 33. Must he have money? 84. He must have some. 35. Has he not sold his horse? 36. He has sold it, but it was not worth must. SECTION KLIX. 19. 1. When the verbs prendre [4 ir. see § 62], to take; voler, fo Il ne vaut pas la peine de parler It is not worth the while to speak when rob, to steal; acheter, to buy, demander, to ask for; payer, to quand on na rien à dire. one has nothing to say. pay, are followed by one regimen only, or by several regimens in the same relation; these regimens, if nouns, must not be separated from the verb by a preposition; if pronouns, they take the form of the direct regimen, le, la, les :— Have you taken the book? you paid the bookseller? Have asked for your money? you Have you asked for him? Avez vous pris le livre ? Avez vous payé le libraire? Avez vous demandé votre argent? L'avez vous demandé ? 2. When the verbs above mentioned are accompanied by several regimens holding different relations, the regimen re presenting the thing or object will be direct, and come under the above rule, and that representing the person, will, if a noun be preceded by the preposition a, and, if a pronoun, assume the lui, to him, to her; leur, to them : That villa may be worth one hundred form of the indirect regimen: How much is your uncle worth ? I have taken the book from my brother 3 Demander is used also in the sense of to inquire for, to Ne vaut il pas mieux lire que jouer? Is it not better to read than to play? ask for : Assur-er, 1. to assure; Au juste, precisely; Autre chose, something else; Cuss-er, 1. to break; Centuine, f. about a bemdred; Chaîne, f. chain; 1. Vous sied-il de nous reprocher notre négligence? 2. Il me sied de vous faire des reproches quand vous le méritez. 3. Vous convient il d'aller trouver mon frère? 4. Il ne me convient pas d'aller le trouver, j'ai autre chose à faire. 5. Combien ce champ peut il valoir 6. Il peut valoir une vingtaine [§ 27 (2)] de mille francs. 7. Valez vous mieux que votre frère. 8. Mon frère vaut beaucoup mieux que moi. 9. Ce couteau ne vaut il pas plus que le vôtre? 10. Le mien est meilleur, il vaut davantage. 11. Combien votre montre vaut elle? 12. Elle ne vaut pas grand chose, elle ne va pas bien. J'ai demandé ce monsieur. Lasked for that gentleman. 1. Que vous a-t-on pris? 2. On m'a pris mes livres, mes crayons et mon canif. 3. Savez vous qui vous les a pris ? 4. Je ne connais pas celui qui me les a pris, mais je sais qu'il demeure ici. 5. Avez vous demandé vos livres ? 6. Je les ai demandés à mon cousin. 7. Vous les a-t-il rendus? 8. Il me les a payés. 9. Vous a-t-on volé beaucoup de fruit cette année? 10. On m'a volé des légumes, mais on ne m'a point volé de fruit. 11. Avez vous payé votre chapeau au paysan? 12. Je ne le lui ai pas payé, je l'ai payé au chapelier. 13. A qui avez vous demandé des renseignements? 14. J'en ai demandé au voyageur. 15. Savez vous qui vient de frapper à la porte? 16. C'est M. L., qui vous demande. 17. Qui avez vous demandé? 18. J'ai demandé votre frère. 19. Votre frère a-t-il payé toutes ses dettes? 20. Il ne les a pas encore payées, parce qu'il n'a pas reçu ses revenus. 21. Lui avez vous payé ce que vous lui avez acheté 22. Je le lui ai payé. 23. Ne leur avez vous pas payé votre loyer? 24. Je le leur ai payé. 25. Ils nous ont payé notre maison. EXERCISE 98. 1. Have you paid your landlord? 2. I have paid him my rent. 3. Have you paid him for the windows which you have broken? 4. I have paid him for them. 5. Has the hatter paid for all his hats? 6. He has not paid for them, he has bought them on credit (à crédit). 7. Do you pay what you owe, every day? 8. I pay my butcher every week. 9. Have you paid him for his meat? 10. I have paid him for it. 11. For whom did you inquire this morning? 12. I inquired for your brother. 13. Why did you not inquire for my father? 14. I know that your father is in England. 15. Has the hatter been paid for his hats? 16. He has been paid for them. 17. Has your money been taken from you? 18. My hat has been stolen from me. 19. Have you asked your brother for your money? 20. I have asked him for it, but he cannot return it to me. 21. Has he no money? 22. He has just paid all his debts, and he has no money left (de reste). 23. Have you asked your father for money? 24. I have not asked him for any, I know that 25. From what bookseller have you bought your books? 26. I bought them from your bookseller. 27. Are you wrong to pay your debts? 28. I am right to pay them. 29. Who is inquiring for me? 30. The physician is inquiring for you. 31. Who knocks? 32. Your shoemaker knocks. he has none. LESSONS IN GEOLOG Y.-No. XII. By THOMAS W. JENKYN, D.D., F.G.S., &c. CHAPTER I. that is called by geologists the elevation and subsidence of the land. Instances of these processes are found abundantly in England, especially in Sussex, Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight. These elevations and subsidences are the results, in some instances, of the vertical action of earthquakes; and in others, they are the consequences of the intense heating and of the subsequent cooling of rocks deeply seated in the interior of the earth. şi. Elevation and subsidence by earthquakes. It is well known that during the paroxysms of earthquakes some districts of the land are elevated above their former level, while other districts are depressed and sink below it. The instances in which towns, cities, and regions on the coast, have been either completely or partially submerged under the sea, are almost innumerable. I will mention a few of the most remarkable. JAMAICA was agitated by a violent earthquake in 1692. At Port Royal, then the capital of the island, several large storehouses in the harbour subsided, some 24 feet, some 36, and some 48 feet, under water. The buildings remained whole and standing, and the tops of their chimneys were seen erect above the waves. A large tract of land around the town, about 1,000 acres in extent, sank down in less than a minute, and became the bottom of the sea. In the harbour, was the Swan frigate repairing near the wharf. This ship was raised, and driven over the tops of many buildings, and was, at last, thrown upon one of the roofs, which it crushed. On this In PERU, in 1746, a tremendous earthquake destroyed Lima, and the whole coast near Callao was converted into a bay of the sea. The main-land near Lima shows that it had been subject to such changes before, even within the human epoch. At a place inland, a rock is found 80 feet above the sea. elevation there is a stratum full of sea-weeds and shells. What proves that this bed was the bottom of the sea since man was created, is that the stratum contains cotton-thread and plaited rushes, which must have been of human manufacturing. Just before the earthquake of LISBON, in 1755, a new quay had been built in the harbour, consisting of massive and solid marble. To escape the dangers from tottering houses during the convulsions, a vast concourse of people collected for safety on this large quay. Suddenly the whole quay sank down with all the people on it, and not one of the bodies ever floated to the surface again. At a little distance off the quay, boats and vessels lay at anchor, and full of people. Suddenly the body of water beneath them sank, the boats and ships went down as into a whirlpool, and not a single fragment of the wrecks ever came to the surface. When, a short time afterwards, the spot occupied by these boats was sounded, it was found unfathomable, and subsequently it was ascertained to be two hundred yards deep. During the earthquake at MESSINA, in 1783, of which you have had an illustration in fig. 24 of Lesson X., similar phenomena were observed. The ground along the port of Messina was perfectly level before the earthquake, but afterwards it sloped much towards the sea, and the sea itself became deeper ON THE ACTION OF VOLCANOES ON THE EARTH'S CRUST and deeper according to its distance from the shore. This SECTION VIII. ON THE ELEVATION AND SUBSIDENCE OF LAND. IN reading geological works you find that geologists describe certain strata, which rest upon one another, as being some marine beds, and others fresh-water beds. They are called so, because in the marine beds they find the shells and other remains of fish, which only live in the salt water of the ocean; and in the fresh-water beds they find fossils of aniinals which re in rivers, lakes, estuaries, and marshes. Try your own reason upon these strata. At the bottom there is a stratum full of marine shells. A few feet higher up is a stratum full of fresh-water remains. Some feet yet higher, another marine bed, and higher still, another fresh-water stratum. How can you account for this? At one time the lower marine bed must have been the bottom of the sea. It then rose a little beyond the reach of the sea, and became perhaps a marsh, perhaps the estuary of a river. Both beds sank again and became the bottom of the sea. In the course of ages the three beds now rose, and the surface became again the bottom of an estuary, or perhaps a lake. It is this rising and sinking of the surface shows that the sloping of the coast continued far under the sea, and that, consequently, the bottom of the sea, as well as the shore, had sunk. Even the quay itself had sunk about fourteen inches. If the shore sank seaward it is natural to infer that the coast had also sloped inland. This inference was established by facts. In the interior of the island, Sicily, it was found that several new ravines had been formed by the fissures of the earthquake. The fresh faces of the rocks on each side of these ravines proved that there had been considerable shiftings of the strata that were continuous before they were fissured. Some of them had risen, and others had sunk, six or ten feet above or below each other respectively. This elevation and subsidence, or the shifting of strata, is well explained by a disturbance of regular masonry in the walls of the Round Tower at TERRA NOVA, in Calabria. In many streets of the town, some houses had been raised above their usual level, and others had sunk down in the ground. Adjoining the town was a massive circular tower of solid masonry. One part of this tower remained undestroyed by the earthquake, but it was divided by a vertical rent. One side of it was raised much above the other, and the foundation by Mr. Cuming, the celebrated conchologist, who was at Valparaiso at the time; but it has been verified by the German travellers, Dr. Meyen M. Freyer, and by our own Darwin. Fig. 27. of the upraised portion was brought up to view. It is remark- In North America, just above the falls of the Columbia River, there is a district twenty miles in length, and one mile in breadth, where a remarkable subsidence took place towards the close of the last century. In 1807, American travellers found here a forest of pines standing erect, under water, in the body of the river, some twenty The shift in the Round Tower of Terra Nova in Calabria, occasioned by the Earthquake of 1783. In 1819 a great subsidence of land took place in Hindostan, at the mouth of the river Indus, where the bed of the river sank eighteen feet, and the fort of Sindree became submerged. To the southeast of the eastern branch of the Indus, is an island district called Cutch. From the delta of the Indus to Cutch was an inlet of the sea, about a foot deep when the tide was out, and never more than six feet at flood-tide. After an earthquake in 1319, this inlet was deepened to more than eighteen feet at low water. In consequence of this sinking of the district, many parts of the inland navigation that had been closed for centuries be feet deep. Another traveller, in 1835, found the trees still came again practicable. The fort of Sindree, on the eastern standing in their natural position, but the tops of the trees, branch of the Indus, was completely submerged; and yet the between high and low water-mark, had decayed away. The masonry of the houses was not disturbed, either by the violence of the earthFig. 28. quake, or by the rush of the sea. roots were seen through the clear water, spreading as they had grown in their native forest. This phenomenon occurs in a region of extinct volcanoes; for the river passes amid and through hills of basaltic rocks. The most extensive elevation of land by earthquake is that which took place on the coast of CHILI, South America, in 1822. The shock was felt along the coast for 2,000 miles. For more than one hundred miles the whole coast was elevated three or four feet high, and an area of about 100,000 square miles, nearly half the size of all France, was thus raised above the level of the sea. Some geologists suppose that the whole country, from the foot of the Andes to a great distance under the sea, was thus elevated; for the greatest rise was at the distance of two miles inland from the shore. On the coast, Present state of the Temple of Serapis at Puzzuoli, Italy. When this region was examined in 1826-1827, it was found that, after the earthquake, the sea rushed into the mouth of the Indus, and then, in a few hours, converted a tract of land, about 2,000 square miles in area, into an inland sea. After the subsidence, one of the towers of Fort Sindree continued to stand above the water, and the inhabitants betook themselves in boats to this elevation for safety. While they were on this tower, they could see at the distance of full five miles to the north-west of them, an elevated land, where, before the earthquake, all had been level plains. This new-raised district turned out to be more than fifty miles in length from east to west. Its breadth from north to south was about sixteen miles. Its uniform rise above the level the rise was two or four feet; but a mile inland, it was six or seven feet. This | of the delta was ten feet. Its direction ran parallel to the elevation has been disputed by several naturalists, especially district that had sunk, so that as one region subsided, the other rose. To this raised region was given the name of Ullah Bund, "The Mount of God." Through this Ullah Bund the Indus had to force a cutting. The cutting revealed the fact that the whole bed of the soil consisted of clay with marine shells, proving that at a previous period the region had been a bed of the sea. The most remarkable instance of the repeated processes of elevation and subsidence in the same district, is found in the Bay of Bair, to the north of Naples. In that bay is situated the town of Puzzuoli, formerly called Puteoli. It is the place where Paul landed after his voyage on his visit to Rome. And after one day the south-wind blew, and we came the next day to Puteoli, where we found brethren, and were desired to tarry with them seven days." (Acts xxviii. 13, 14.) Were he to land there now, he would not know the district; for, in the north of the bay, an entire mountain, called Monte Novo, has been raised up, which was not there at the time of his visit. At Puzzuoli, close by the sea-shore, are the remains of a magnificent building-whether of a bath or a temple has not been decided, but it is known all over the world as the Temple of Serápis. The building was quadrangular, 70 feet in diameter. The roof was supported by 46 pillars, 24 of granite, and 22 of marble, each consisting of a single block. Of these 22 marble columns, three remain standing, the tallest of them being 42 feet high. The surface of these columns is smooth and uninjured up to about twelve feet from the pedestal. Then begins a series of perforations and holes in the marble. These holes and perforations continue upward in a regular band round the column to the height of nine feet, and then cease; and the surface continues smooth all the way to the summit. The upper edge of the perforated band is now 23 feet above the level of the sea. How came these perforations into the columns? All the holes are deep, and in the shape of a pear,―i. e., very narrow at the entrance, but become larger as it enters the marble. It is evidently the work of a species of mussels called modiola lithophage-marine shell-fish which eat into stones. A large number of these holes contain to this day the shells of the fish which perforated them, though many have been emptied by travellers. How did the mussels come to attack these columns? and ow did they come to limit their operations just to a band nine eet in width? There can be no doubt that the temple to which they belonged, and the ground on which they are placed, were submerged under the water of the sea. When they were in this sunken state, the basement was protected from the boring mussels by masses of rubbish, tufa, and silt which the sea-water washed around them, and the upper part of the columns was beyond the reach of the sea. The perforations in this column prove-1, that this coast has, since the temple was built, sunk beneath the level of the sea; 2, that the same coast has been again elevated; 3, that the movement downward and again upward was more than twenty feet; and 4, that the elevation and subsidence was so gradual as to permit these columns to maintain their erect position. much studied by scientific geologists, and it is now ascertained that, for the last thirty or forty years, a gradual sinking of the coast is again going on, and that the floor of the temple becomes frequently covered again by water from the sea. LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC.-No. XVI. CONTRACTIONS IN DIVISION. Tax operations in division, as well as those in multiplication, may often be shortened by a careful attention to the application of the preceding principles. CASE I. When the divisor is a composite number. EXAMPLE 1.-A man divided 837 crowns equally among 27 persons, who belonged to 3 families, each family containing 9 persons: how many crowns did cach person receive? Analysis. Since 27 persons received 837 crowns, each one must bave received as many crowns as the number of times that 27 is contained in 837. But as 27 (the number of persons), is a compoite number whose factors are 3 (the number of families), and 9 (the number of persons in each family), it is obvious we may first find how many crowns each family received, and then how many each person received. Operation.. 3)837 Dividend. 9)279 Share of each family. 31 Share of each person. Divisor 27 Ans. Explanation. If 3 families received 837 crowns, 1 family must have received as many crowns as 3 is contained times in 837; but 3 is in 837, 279 times. That is, each family received 279 crowns. Again, if 9 persons (the number in each family) received 279 crowns, 1 person must have received as many crowns as 9 is contained times in 279; and 9 is in 279, 31 times. Therefore 31 crowns is the share of each person. To divide by a composite number. Rule: Divide the dividend by one of the factors of the divisor, then divide the quotient thus obtained by another factor; and so on till all the factors are employed. The last quotient will be the answer required. To find the full remainder. Rule: If the divisor is resolved into but two factors, multiply the last remainder by the first divisor, and to the product add the first remainder, if any; the sum will be the compound remainder. mainder by all the preceding divisors, and to the sum of their When more than two factors are employed, multiply each reproducts add the first remainder; the sum will be the f... cThe full remainder may also be found by multiplying the quotient by the divisor, and subtracting the product from the dividend. mainder. This contraction is exactly the reverse of that in multiplication. The quotient will evidently be the same, in whatever order the factors are taken. EXAMPLE 1-A man bought a quantity of clover seed amounting to 507 pints, which he wished to divide into parcels containing 64 pints each: how many parcels can he make? Since 64-2X8X4, we divide by the factors respectively. Operation. 64 Quotient Now, all these changes of this temple have transpired since the time that Paul landed at Puteoli. Among the ruins, inscriptions have been discovered, which record that certain embellishments of marble were conferred on the building by Divisor Septimius Severus and Marcus Aurelius. The Emperor Severus died A. D. 211. This proves that this temple was in its original position at the commencement of the third century of our era. In A. D. 1198, in consequence of an eruption of Solfatara, in that neighbourhood, a subsidence of the coast took place, and the temple sank with it, and the columns came within the reach of the boring mussels. They continued for some time to sink lower and lower, and as they sank the mussels carried on their perforations higher and higher. They must have continued in this submerged state till near the middle of the sixteenth century, for in 1530 it is well known that the whole of that coast was covered by the sea. In 1588 an earthquake, connected with Vesuvius, agitated this district, threw up in one night on this shore a mountain 450 feet high, raised the coast on which the temple is built to the height of 20 feet, and formed a new tract of coast six hundred feet in breadth. It was then that these columns were raised beyond the reach of the mussels of the sea. These columns have been latterly 2)507 Dividend. 1 pt. = 10 pts. = 48 pts. Quotient. 7 parcels, and 59 pints over. Dividing 507, the number of pints, by 2, gives 253 for the quotient, or distributes the seed into 253 equal parcels, leaving 1 pint over. Now the units of this quotient are evidently of a different vain from those of the given dividend; for since there are but half as many parcels as at first, it is plain that each parce must contain 2 pints, or 1 quart; that is, every unit of the first quotient contains two of the units of the given dividend; consequently, every unit of it, as 5, that remains will contain the same; therefore this remainder must be multiplied by 2, in order to find the units of the given dividend which it contains. Dividing the quotient 253 parcels, by 8, will distribute them into 31 other equal parcels, each of which will evidently contain 8 times the |