Small Mantle Unit Suitable for the Home (Fig. 183).— Can be secured with a wide variety of glass ware or silk shades.

Semi-indirect Unit (Fig. 184).-Can be secured in many sizes, finishes and designs. It is the ideal light for the home, giving a soft, well-diffused illumination, absolutely free from eye strain.

Portable Lamp (Fig. 185).-Can be had in a great variety of sizes, from the large floor standard down to the small boudoir lamp.

Large Mantle Unit (Fig. 186). Suitable for shops, factories, foundries, and all mercantile establishments. Can be equipped with many types of reflectors and shades according to the requirements of the installation.

SECTION 9

PLUMBING FIXTURES

WATER CLOSETS

Closet Bowls.--Bowls for water closets are made of nonabsorbent material, glazed inside of the trap as well as inside of the bowl. There should be no fouling space. The back edge of seat opening should be directly over standing water in the bowl. Holes in the flushing rim are so arranged that

streams of water will thoroughly wash all inside parts of the bowl. When the flushing process starts, the surface of the water in the bowl should recede and not rise. Bowls are made of enamelled iron or vitreous material.

Accurate meas

urements can always be had so that the rough work for waste and water supply can be run to the correct points. The outlet end of bowl can be made tight to waste pipe by means of a brass flange and rubber or asbestos gasket. Putty joints should never

be made. The latest type of bowl is made without the extended lip on the outlet; therefore a connection similar to that in Fig. 188 must be used to make a tight joint. Figure 189 shows pipe connections.

To meet sanitary requirements, the closet bowl should be made of non-absorbent material with glazed finish, and free from any kind of mechanical obstruction. It must have no fouling surfaces that may come in contact with excremental matter. It must hold sufficient water to cover entirely any excremental matter that is deposited. It must be supplied

with sufficient volume and velocity of water so that its entire contents are removed and the bowl refilled with clean water. Bowls.-There are three kinds of water-closet bowls:

1. Syphon jet.

2. Syphon action.

3. Hoppers.

1. Syphon jets have the most positive action when flushed. They are so called from the small jet of water that is discharged from the bottom of the bowl trap into the discharge arm of trap. Two jets are sometimes provided. The outlet of the bowl is so constructed with bends in the outlet that the water is held back sufficiently long to fill completely the outlet arm and start syphonic action; this action, together with the force of the jet, makes the action of this bowl positive. Flush connection can be either on the top, side, or back. It can be flushed with a low or high tank or direct-flush valve. From 3 to 5 gal. are required for each flush, to cleanse thoroughly and refill the trap and bowl. See drawing 187 for cross-section of closet bowl.

named from the action of Water discharged into the

2. Syphon-action bowls are so the discharge, which is syphonic. bowl through the rim completely fills the outlet arm, and

syphonic action is started and bowl emptied of contents. Trap is then resealed by clean water.

3. Hopper bowls are funnel shaped, and set on a trap. This type of bowl has a flushing rim; and contents of the trap underneath the bowl are discharged by the rush of water at each flush.

Flushing Tanks and Valves.-Water-closet bowls are flushed with clean water by the use of a tank or specially constructed valve. Individual-closet bowls, when flushed by the use of a high tank, should be provided with a flush pipe of at least 11⁄2 in. for syphon action and syphon jet. The flush should be 1% in. inside diameter. When a low-down tank is used, the flush pipe should be 2 in. inside diameter. Slip joints are used on flush pipes.

Flush-pipe material is brass tubing, plain, nickle plated, white enamelled, or lead. Tanks for flushing purposes are made of wood copper lined, or of cast or sheet steel, enamelled. Capacity of these tanks should be from 5 to 8 gal. Tank outlet or discharge is by means of a large way valve. City buildings require less water to flush each water closet and carry the discharge to the sewer than country buildings or large estates require. Where the discharge from a water closet has to be carried a long distance before it encounters water from other fixtures, as in the case of country buildings, more water is required than where a short run is available.

Tanks and Flushing Devices.-Flush tanks for water closets and urinals, are constructed of enamelled or vitreous iron. These materials are water-proof, strong, and sanitary. Each

tank is provided with a water-supply inlet valve and a flush outlet valve (see Fig. 190). Operation of tank is by means of chain pull, push button, lift handle, or seat action. Water inlet valve is controlled by copper float ball. Each tank should be provided with an overflow. The supply valve, when on high pressure, should be of the type that utilizes the water pressure to keep valve closed.

Flush tanks are discharged by syphonic action (see Fig. 191) or by the use of slow closing valves (see Fig. 190). The latter are better for syphon-jet bowls. A tank should discharge sufficient water to carry out the contents of the bowl to which it is

attached; also to refill the bowl with clean water. The capacity of a flush tank is determined by 'noting the number of gallons held in the closet bowl and adding to that the number of gallons necessary to flush the bowl completely, which is about 2 gal. Flush tanks can be hung in the room with the bowl (see Fig. 195); or directly in back of the bowl on the opposite side of a partition is a space provided for them (see Fig. 198), and the flush pipe can extend through wall and attach to bowl. This arrangement is very good practice, as it keeps away from the mechanical parts all meddlers, and provides at the same time easy access for the mechanic. Provision should be made in the building material for walls upon which the tank are to be hung to hold the tank securely in place. Wood strips the width of the tank should be built in plastered walls. Screws are used