6. The three declensions resemble the three first in Latin ; but it is to be remarked that out of os in the nominative the Latins make us, and in the genitive is ; out of or and wv, um, and that, in general, μ in Greek becomes n in Latin.

7. In regard to accent, it is a general rule, that the endings of the genitive and dative, if long and accented, must have the circumflex '; the nominative, accusative, and vocative, the acute. Wherewith, however, is to be observed, that the last syllable, in the nominative and vocative singular of the third declension, is not properly considered as the termination, as will be seen in its place.

FIRST DECLENSION.

All words in as and "s are masculine, and all in a and 7 are feminine.

Words in a have their genitive in as, and retain the a through all the terminations of the singular, if it is preceded by another vowel, (« pure, see p. 29.) as σοφία, or by s'as ημέρα. The a is also retained by the contracted nouns, as μve (see the first Remark below); by ἀλαλά gen.ᾶς, the warcry ; and by some proper names, as Λήδα, ̓Ανδρομέδα, Φιλομήλα, Γέλα.

All other nouns in a have the genitive in »s, and the dative in : but in the accusative and vocative they resume the a. In the dual and plural, all four endings, the nominative, dative, accusative, and vocative, retain the a. The rest may be learned from the following table, where the changes of the accent, according to the general rules, are observed.

S. | justice. ἡ, opinion. | ἡ, trident. | ἡ, knife. | o, Atrides.

Ν. | δίκη

γνώμη

τρίαινα μάχαιρα Ατρείδης

G. | δίκης

γνώμης

τριαίνης

μαχαίρας | 'Ατρείδον

μαχαίρα 'Ατρείδη

μάχαιραν 'Ατρείδην

μάχαιρα | 'Ατρείδη

Of the nouns in "s, those which end in re-several compounded verbals, which are formed merely by adding "s to the consonant of the verb, as γεωμέτρης, μυροπώλης, παιδοτρίβης, &c. and national names, as Πέρσης, Σκύθης, have a in the vocative. The others, which, however, are by far the smallest number, have n, particularly the patronymics, in ors, as 'Ατρείδης in the table.

REMARKS ON THE FOREGOING EXAMPLES.

I. The contracts of this declension contract the nominative into one of the usual terminations, and then proceed regularly; except that the Contracts in a preserve this vowel, as originally pure, unchanged throughout, and those in as always have the Doric genitive in longa (See Remark iv, 3.) They may all be

known by the circumflexed termination, as Acorría, contr. Acover, genitive Λεοντής, &c. plural Λεοντῶι, accusative Λεοντᾶς, lion-skin. Eguías, contr. Eçmŋs, gen. 'Egμoũ, Mercury. Mvda, contr. μvã, gen. μvãs, mina. Bogías, Attic Boppãs, gen. ßoppã.* &c. So too Aonvã, Aonvãs, Minerva, and vē, vŷs, earth.

II. Quantity. 1. The nominative a, which has »s in the genitive, is always short.

2. The nominative a, which has as in the genitive, is, in general, long, though in many words short.

3. The vocative in a of masculines in " is short, of those in as long. The dual termination in a is always long.

4. The termination as, throughout the second declension, is long, and the accusative plural is distinguished in this, from the third declension, where it is short.

5. The accusative singular in av follows the quantity of the nominative.

II. Accent. 1. It is characteristic of this declension that the genitive plural always has the accent on the last syllable, wherever it may be in the other parts of the word, as Mourα, Μουσῶν; ἄκανθα, ἀκανθῶν.—Exceptions to this rule are

a. Feminines of adjectives and barytone participles in os as evos, ξένη—Gen. pl. ξένων· αἴτιος, αἰτία-Gen. pl. αἰτίων· τυπτόμενος n, gen. pl. τυπτομένων.

b. The three substantives xenerys usurer, oi irnoia trade winds, ἀφύη a sort of fish.

2. With this exception, the accent of the substantives, as far as the general rules admit, remains on the syllable, where it is found in the nominative, as nom. pl. copíaı, voc. xoλira; with the exception of the vocative décora from decorns master. The feminines of the adjectives in os, on the contrary, cast the accent, whenever the termination admits, upon the syllable where their masculines have it, as άξιος, f. ἀξία; pl. ἄξιοι, άξιαι.

3. It has already been remarked, that the genitives and datives, in general, if accented at all, as those of run, are circumflexed.

* The doubling of the in this word is mere accidental peculiarity.

IV. Dialect. 1. The Dorics, in all the terminations, use a long a for n, as τιμά, ας, α, άν. The Ionics commonly use n for long a, as σοφίη, ης, της εν μάχαιρα, ης, η, αν· ὁ νεηνίης, &c. however is never done in the accusative plural.

This

2. The oldest form of the genitive singular of the masculines is ào, and of the genitive plural of all endings äwy: hence in Epic poets Ατρείδαο, τομάων, &c.

3. The Dorics contracted these genitives into long «, as roỡ Ατρείδα, τῶν τιμῶν. This Doric genitive, in some few words, particularly proper names, remained in common use, as 'Αννίβας, Hannibal, τοῦ ̓Αννίβα.

4. The Ionics, on the other hand, converted the ão into εω, in which the long however has no effect in bringing the accent forward: as πολίτεω : so too from dων the Ionics made εων as Μουσέων.

5. Of the ancient form of the dative plural, as τιμαῖσι, Μούσαι σιν. (See above, p. 36, Remark 3.) The Ionic dialect has ησιν, ησι, and ys.

ή

SECOND DECLENSION.

All words in o are of the neuter gender, and most of those in os are masculine. There are, however, several feminines in os, not only those alluded to above p. 34, the names of persons, animals, trees, and cities, but many others, such as ἡ ὁδός road, ἡ βίβλος booke, ἡ νῆσος island, ἡ νόσος disease, with many names of stones and plants, particularly also several, which are in reality adjectives with a feminine substantive omitted, as ἡ διάλεκτος dialect, Φωνή understood); ή διάμετρος the diameter, (γραμμή understood); ἡ ἄτομος atom, (οὐσία understood); ἡ ἄνυδρος desert, (χώρα understood); and others of this description.

* The common mode of writing this word rúpa is incorrect,

as the termination is short. See Aristoph. Pac. 566. Cratin. ap. Hephaest. p. 6.