Mathematics in the Elementary Schools of the United States: The American ReportU.S. Government Printing Office, 1911 - 185 σελίδες |
Συχνά εμφανιζόμενοι όροι και φράσεις
Addition and subtraction algebra algorisms application arith cent child Columbia University committee common common fractions commonly emphasized concrete county superintendent course of study decimal decimal fractions decimal process denominator district division divisor dry measure eighth grade elementary school emphasized in grade examinations experience facts fractions geometry give given Henry Suzzallo high school inches integers interest knowledge large number long division manual training material mathe mathematical teaching matics means measure mechanical Mental arithmetic methods of teaching metic multiplication normal schools objective teaching oral drill organization percentage plane geometry practice preparation present problems processes psychological public schools pupils questionnaire questions rational relation replies result rural schools school systems seventh and eighth simple solid geometry subject matter supervision taught Teachers College teaching method teaching of arithmetic teaching of mathematics tendency tion topics trade training school United upper grades usually York City
Δημοφιλή αποσπάσματα
Σελίδα 81 - The school district in all towns in the state are abolished. * * * Every town shall choose by ballot at its annual meeting a superintending school committee of three. The management of the schools and the custody and care shall devolve upon the school committee, which shall annually elect a superintendent of schools, who shall not be a member of the committee.
Σελίδα 49 - Multiplication of— 1. A fraction by an integer. 2. An integer by a fraction. 3. A fraction by a fraction. Use cancellation in all cases where possible. Written work in preceding cases should be preceded by much oral drill with pimple numbers. Division of — 1. A fraction by an integer. 2. An integer by a fraction. 3. A fraction by a fraction. Use cancellation whenever possible. Have the written work preceded by much oral...
Σελίδα 79 - each and every county shall compose one school district, and shall be confided to the control and management of a county board of education."32 The county board is composed of five members and is selected by the grand jury of the county.
Σελίδα 125 - From inferences based upon the foregoing, and from reflection upon the general problem, the committee believe that the best theory and practice of to-day point to the following conclusions: That a foundation in subject matter as a basis for the professional study of mathematics for teaching the subject in the first six grades of the elementary school should include a minimum of one-half year in high-school arithmetic, one year of algebra, and one year of geometry ; that, exclusive of all courses...
Σελίδα 104 - More forms of even the artificial material should be used, thus minimizing the danger of monotony. Even the narrow range of materials in general use might be better employed than it is. There is, of course, a distinct tendency to vary the objects, merely because a child gets tired of it as a material. It is too frequently the case that the teacher will treat the fundamental addition combinations with one set of objects, eg, lentils. In all the child's objective experience within that field there...
Σελίδα 84 - Not to put Arithmetic as a topic in the first grade is to make sure that it will not be seriously or systematically taught there in ninetenths of the schools of the country. The average teacher, not in the cities merely, but throughout the country generally, will simply touch upon it in the most perfunctory way. Whatever of scientific statistics we have show that this is true, and that children so taught are not, when they enter the intermediate grades, as well prepared in Arithmetic as those who...
Σελίδα 107 - It is not alone the first stages in the acquisition of an arithmetical process which have received attention in the reorganization of teaching methods, though, to be sure, the problem of first presentations has in recent decades been given the most attention. More and more the American tendency is to watch every step in the learning process, to provide for all necessary transitions, and to safeguard against avoidable confusions. It might be suggested that constant intermediation Of the teacher in...
Σελίδα 53 - HALF. 1. Rapid calculation work. In this drill include daily speed exercises. Set a reasonable time limit and hold the class up to it. This will fit the pupils for pressure work which is bound to come in business life. It may include practice in the following : (a) Addition until pupils can add at the rate of from 75 to 100 figures per minute. Use group method. Horizontal addition should be practiced. Example: 10 pieces of cloth — 38, 82, 91, 4G, 53, 67, 84, 75, 65, 69=670, at 50c=$335.
Σελίδα 81 - ... more than 50 schools may unite in the employment of a superintendent of schools, provided they have been so authorized by a vote of their own towns at a regular town meeting or a special town meeting organized for that purpose.
Σελίδα 106 - ... advanced," as well as in reactionary quarters, a revolt against the tendency to objectify, explain, or rationalize everything taught in arithmetic. On the whole it is a discriminating movement, for this opposition to " rationalization " in arithmetical teaching, and in favor of " memorization " or " habituation," bases its plea on rational grounds, mainly derived from the facts of modern psychology.