NEW FRANKLIN

ARITHMETIC

FIRST BOOK

BY

EDWIN P. SEAVER, A.M., LL.B.

SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS, BOSTON

AND

GEORGE A. WALTON, A.M.

AGENT OF MASSACHUSETTS BOARD OF EDUCATION; AUTHOR OF
WALTON'S ARITHMETICS, ARITHMETICAL TABLES, ETC.

NEW YORK AND CHICAGO
SHELDON AND COMPANY

Edur F +15-957766174+
Educ T 118.99.760 (I)

HARVARD CILANGA LIBRARY

GIFT OF

GINN AND COMPANY
BEC. 26, 1928

COPYRIGHT, 1895,

By SHELDON AND COMPANY.

M. P. 1

TYPOGRAPHY BY J. S. CUSHING & Co., NORWOOD, MASS.

PREFACE.

THE New Franklin Arithmetics constitute a two-book series designed to cover all the book-work in arithmetic from the beginning to the end of the course for common schools. This First Book of the series includes the matter usually put into the first two books (primary and elementary) of a three-book series.

Assuming that the oral work in number (such as is usually carried on in the kindergarten and in the first year or two of the primary schools with abundant objective illustration) has been done, and that the children are now able to read simple language with some facility, this book offers, in Part I (pp. 1-84), a complete and systematic review of numbers from one to one hundred. Within this range are included all the sums, differences, products, and quotients resulting from the elementary combinations and separations of numbers. The method of treatment is that known as the Grube method. The work is kept as near as possible to the concrete. The pictorial illustrations are designed merely to suggest appropriate operations with real objects (blocks, etc.), and not at all to embellish the text. Incidentally, too, in this primary part, are given the elementary facts relative to the most commonly used weights and measures; and, towards the end, so much of written arithmetic as is involved in the addition and subtraction of tens and units.

The next stage of the work is presented in Part II (pp. 85–109), which illustrates the rules of written arithmetic as applied to numbers below ten thousand and to sums of United States Money (dollars and cents) within the same range of expression, four places.

The final stage is reached in Part III (pp. 110-140), which treats of numbers without limit. This part and the following parts (treating respectively of Common Fractions, Decimal Fractions, Percentage, Interest, and Mensuration) taken together afford a complete though

very elementary course of arithmetic. All the essentials of arithmetic are here included, and enough of the applications for the ordinary purposes of daily life. Such a course, it is believed, will meet the wants of that large number of children who leave school at about thirteen years of age, without reaching the higher grades of instruction; nor will it be without use to children who remain in school longer, if their work is arranged so as to give them a short and easy course in matters which they will study more thoroughly in a larger book later in their course. In accordance with this view the authors have been led to make the present book not only an introduction to the Second Book, but also to some extent an easy parallel to it. The transition from the First to the Second Book can readily be made at any point after the beginning of Part III. All that is strictly necessary as introductory matter to the Second Book is embraced in Parts I and II of this first book.

Among the special features of this book to which attention may be called are the constant use of oral exercises in connection with written work, so that the same form of analysis answers for both processes; the use of simple blank forms of answer, whereby is suggested the most direct and easiest course of thought in solving each question; the drill tables, by which a great abundance of examples is provided for class exercises and tests; the introduction of United States money and denominate numbers into every part of the book, so that the reductions of such numbers become a part of the ordinary practice in the fundamental operations; the recognition and appropriate explanation of the two forms of division known respectively as the measuring and the partitive form; and finally the simple, inductive, and thoroughly objective style of exposition which characterizes the whole book.

E. P. S.

G. A. W.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PART I.-LESSONS ON NUMBERS TO ONE HUNDRED.

21, 22 60, 61.

32 63, 64.