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therefore DF is greater than DE,

wherefore the point E lies within the circle.

In the same manner it may be proved that every point in AB lies within the circle;

therefore the straight line AB lies within the circle.

Wherefore, if any two points, &c.

Q. E. D.

PROP. III.-THEOREM.

If a straight line drawn through the centre of a circle bisect a straight line in it which does not pass through the centre, it shall cut it at right angles; and conversely, if it cut it at right angles, it shall bisect it.

(References-Prop. 1. 5, 8, 26; III. 1.)

Let ABC be a circle, and let CD, a straight line drawn through the centre, bisect any straight line AB, which does not pass through the centre, in the point F.

Then CD shall cut AB at right angles.

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Take E the centre of the circle (1. 1), and join EA, EB.

DEMONSTRATION

Then, because AF is equal to FB (hyp.), and FE common to the two triangles AFE, BFE,

there are two sides in the one equal to two sides in the other, each to each;

and the base EA is equal to the base EB; (1. def. 15)

therefore the angle AFE is equal to the angle BFE; (1.8)

but 'when a straight line standing upon another straight line makes the adjacent angles equal to one another, each of them is a right angle ;' (1. def. 10)

therefore each of the angles AFE, BFE, is a right angle;

wherefore the straight line CD, drawn through the centre, bisecting another AB that does not pass through the centre, cuts the same at right angles.

But let CD cut AB at right angles.

Then CD shall also bisect it, that is, AF shall be equal to FB.

The same construction being made;

because EA, EB, from the centre are equal to one another,

the angle EAF is equal to the angle EBF; (1. 5)

and the right angle AFE is equal to the right angle BFE; (1. def. 10)

hence, in the two triangles EAF, EBF,

there are two angles in the one equal to two angles in the other, each to each;

and the side EF, which is opposite to one of the equal angles in each, is common to both;

therefore the other sides are equal; (1. 26)

therefore AF is equal to FB.

Wherefore, if a straight line, &c.

Q. E. D.

PROP. IV.-THEOREM.

If in a circle two straight lines cut one another which do not both pass through the centre, they do not bisect each other.

(References-Prop. III. 1, 3.)

Let ABCD be a circle, and AC, BD, two straight lines in it which cut one another in the point E, and do not both pass through the

centre.

Then AC, BD, shall not bisect one another.

CONSTRUCTION

For, if it be possible, let AE be equal to EC, and BE to ED.

If one of the lines pass through the centre, it is plain that it cannot be bisected by the other which does not pass through the centre;

but if neither of them pass through the centre,

take F the centre of the circle, (III. 1) and join EF.

F

E

DEMONSTRATION

Because FE, a straight line through the centre, is assumed to bisect another AC which does not pass through the centre,

therefore it must cut it at right angles; (III. 3)

wherefore FEA must be a right angle.

Again, because the straight line FE is assumed to bisect the straight line BD which does not pass through the centre, therefore it must cut it at right angles; (III. 3) wherefore FEB must be a right angle;

but FEA was shown to be a right angl

therefore FEA must be equal to the angle FEB,

the less to the greater, which is impossible;

therefore AC, BD, do not bisect one another. Wherefore, if in a circle, &c.

Q. E. D.

PROP. V.- THEOREM.

If two circles cut one another, they shall not have the same centre.

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Let the two circles ABC, CDG, cut one another in the points B, C. Then they shall not have the same centre.

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For, if it be possible, let E be their centre; join EC, and draw any

straight line EFG meeting them in F and G.

DEMONSTRATION

And because E is assumed to be the centre of the circle ABC,

EC must be equal to EF; (1. def. 15)

again, because E is assumed to be the centre of the circle CDG,

EC must be equal to EG;

but EC was shown to be equal to EF;

therefore EF must be equal to EG;

the less to the greater, which is impossible;

therefore E is not the centre of the circles ABC, CDG. Wherefore, if two circles, &c.

Q. E. D.

PROP. VI.-THEOREM.

If one circle touch another internally, they shall not have the same

centre.

(References

I. def. 15.)

Let the circle CDE, touch the circles ABC internally in the point C.

Then they shall not have the same centre.

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For, if they can, let the centre be F; join FC, and draw any straight line FEB meeting them in E and B.

DEMONSTRATION

Because F is assumed to be the centre of the circle ABC,

therefore CF must be equal to FB; (1. def. 15)

also, because F is assumed to be the centre of the circle CDE,

therefore CF must be equal to FE;

but CF was shown to be equal to FB

therefore FE must be equal to FB; (ax. 1.)

the less to the greater, which is impossible;

wherefore F is not the centre of the circles ABC, CDE. Therefore, if two circles, &c.

Q. E. D.

PROP. VII.- THEOREM.

If any point be taken in the diameter of a circle, which is not the centre;

then of all the straight lines which can be drawn from it to the circumference, the greatest is that in which the centre is, and the other part of that diameter is the least; and, of any others, that which is nearer to the line which passes through the centre is always greater than one more remote ; and from the same point there can be drawn only two straight lines to the circumference that are equal to each other, one upon each side of the shortest line.

(References-Prop. 1. 4, 20, 23, 24.)

Let ABCD be a circle, and AD its diameter, in which let any point F be taken which is not the centre; let the centre be E.

Then of all the straight lines FB, FC, FG, &c., that can be drawn from F to the circumference, FA which passes through the centre, shall be the greatest;

and FD, the other part of the diameter AD, shall be the least;

and of the others, FB, the nearer to FA, shall be greater than FC, the more remote; and FC greater than FG.

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