52. LONG MEASURE. In estimating the contents of magnitudes, different measures e employed; some are measured by their length only, some by heir length and breadth conjointly, and some by their length, readth, and thickness conjointly. Long Measure" is that which measures any one of these diensions, being applied to distance only. Long Measure, which is that from whence all the other measures are derived, owes its origin to the length of a grain of barley: three grains of sound ripe barley being taken out of the middle of the ear, well dried, and laid end to end in a row, were considered as an inch, which in this measure is called the measuring unit. As the length of the barley-corn cannot be fixed, so the inch according to this method will be uncertain; but to remedy this inconvenience, there are standard measures as well as weights kept in the Exchequer chamber, Guildhall, for the purpose of comparing the weights and measures used by dealers; this helps to secure the public from imposition and fraud, as the use of measures or weights less than the standard is prohibited by law. The hand is used in measuring the height of horses. • The foot is supposed to be taken from the length of the human foot. The cubit is a measure used by the ancients, and often mentioned in their writings; it is supposed to have been originally taken from the length of that part of a man's arm between the point of the elbow and the extremity of the hand. The yard is said to have been taken from the arm of King Henry I. in 1101. The fathom is taken from the utmost extent of both arms, when stretched into a right line; it is applied to measuring mines, wells, pits, and depths, in general; also the length of ropes, &c. The length of the pole differs in different parts of England; in the neighbourhood of London it is 5 yards; in some counties it is 6, in Lancashire 7, and in Cheshire 8 yards. 432= 36 = 3 = 1 yard. 2376 198 = 164 = 54 = 1 pole. 95040= 7920 = 660 = 220 = 40 = 1 furlong. 760320=63360 = 5280 =1760=320=8=1 mile. 2280960=190080=15840=5280=960=24=3-1 league. 53. In 12m. 3fur. 4p. 1yd. how many yards? OPERATION. 99 furlongs. 40 3964 poles. 5/1/1/ 19821 1982 Ans. 21803 yards. Explanation. The miles are here multiplied by 8, (because 8 furlongs make a mile,) and the 3 furlongs are added to the product, this gives furlongs; these are multiplied by 40, (because 40 poles make a furlong,) and the 4 taken in, this gives poles; these are multiplied by 5, (because 5 yards make a pole,) and the 1 is taken in to the product, this gives yards. To multiply 3964 by 5, I first multiply it by 5, then divide it by 2, and lastly I add the product and quotient together. 54. In 96800 yards, how many miles ? OPERATION. 8) yards. 220)96800 (440 88 88 88 Ans. 55 miles. Explanation. The division by 5 cannot be performed conveniently without fractions; I therefore divide by 220, (because 220 yards make a furlong,) this gives furlongs; these I divide by 8, (because 8 furlongs make a mile,) and the result is miles. If you wish to bring the yards into poles, multiply by 2, and divide the product by 11; then dividing successively by 40 and by 8, will produce the very same answer. 55. In 50 leagues, how many yards? Ans. 264000. Multiply by 3, 8, 40, and 54. 56. In 2661120 barley-corns, how many miles? Divide by 3, 12, 3, 220, and 8. Ans. 14. 57. In 1m. 2fur. 3p. how many yards? Ans. 22164. 58. In 4755801600 barley-corns, how many leagues? Ans.8340. 59. In 7 miles, how many lines? Ans. 5322240. Multiply the 25 by 4, and take in 3; multiply the result 64. In 1264 yards, how many Flemish ells? Ans. 1685 F. E. 1 qr. Multiply by 4, and divide by 3. 65. In 1792 Flemish ells, how many yards? Multiply by 3, and divide by 4. Ans. 1344. Ans. 800. Ans. 9840. 66. In 480 English ells, how many Flemish ells? Ans. 1051. SQUARE OR SUPERFICIAL MEASURE. 54. Square Measure is used to measure surfaces in which both length and breadth are estimated, as land, flooring, roofing, walling, wainscotting, plastering, painting, &c. The smallest measure (called the measuring unit) here used is a square inch, or a little square, every side of which is an inch in length". 'As in Long Measure a line of an inch in length was taken for the measur ing unit, so here a square surface of an inch in length, and consequently the same in breadth, is assumed as the measuring unit; and as many times as this little square is contained in any superficial space, so many square inches is that space said to consist of: thus a square foot contains 144 square inches; for if the sides of a square of a foot each way be divided each into 12 equal parts, each part will be an inch; and if the opposite divisions be joined, the square foot will be divided into 144 equal squares, each a square inch. Hence a square foot 75. In 2799360 cubic inches, how many cubic yards? Ans. 60. Divide by 1728, and 27. 76. How many cubic inches are there in a load of rough timAns. 69120. ber? 77. How many bales of cotton of a cubic yard each can be stowed in a ship of 100 tons burthen? Ans. 155, and 15 over. WINE MEASURE. 56. Wines, spirits, cider, perry, mead, vinegar, oil, and milk, are sold by this measure". ▾ The measure for different kinds of wine differs considerably, the pipe containing from 110 to 140 gallons: hence it is usual for dealers to charge for what the pipe contains, which is found by actual guaging. A statute made in the reign of Henry III. ordained, that the wine gallon should contain eight pounds troy of wheat taken from the middle of the ear, and well dried. During many ages Wine Measure was the only measure sanctioned by law for measuring any commodity whatever; at length other measures were introduced for less pure liquors, and for dry goods. A law was made in the reign of Queen Anne, whereby the wine gallon is required to measure 231 cubic inches; consequently a pint measures 28§ cubic inches. A tun of distilled water weighs 18cwt. avoirdupois, and a tun of wine about 18cwt. 3qrs.; consequently a pint of wine will weigh about 1€oz. 9} drams. 336 168= 42=1 tierce. 504 252 63=14=1 hogshead. 672= 336= 84=2 =1}=1 puncheon. 2016 1008=252=6 =4 =3 =2=1 tun. 78 In 13t. 1p. 1hhd. 12gall. of wine, how many pints? SO. In 5hhds. 43gall. 2qt. 1pt. how many pints? Ans. 2869. 81. In 5738 quarts, how many tuns? Ans. 5t. Ip. 48gall. 2qt. |