BEER MEASURE. 57. This measure is used for ale, strong-beer, and small3. 14472 18 = 2=1 kilderkin. 288=14436 = 4 =2 = 1 barrel. 432=216=54 = 6 =3=1÷=1 hogshead. 864 432=108=12=6=3 =2=1 butt. 82. In 14 hogsheads of beer, how many quarts? Ans. 3024. Multiply by 1, 2, 2, 9, and 4. 83. In 12345 pints of ale, how many kilderkins? Ans. 85k. 84. In 216 barrels of ale, how many hogsheads? Ans. 144. Multiply by 2, and divide by 3. 85. In 216 hogsheads of beer, how many barrels ? Ans. 324. * Formerly the ale firkin consisted of 8 gallons, and the beer firkin of 9. A late writer has shewn, that this distinction is not at present attended to, but that the firkin, whether of ale or beer, contains 9 gallons. A gallon beer measure contains 282 cubic inches; consequently a pint contains 35 cubic inches. The wine gallon bears nearly the same proportion to the beer gallon, that a pound troy does to a pound avoirdupois; for the troy pound is to the avoirdupois pound as 144 to 175; and the wine gallon is to the beer gallon as 231 to 282; which is nearly the same. A cubic foot of water weighs 1000 ounces avoirdupois, and a cubic foot of beer 1028 ounces; consequently a butt of beer will weigh about 17880 ounces, or 9cwt. 3qr. 25lb. 8oz. avoirdupois: hence 2 butts, weighing 19cwt. 3qrs. 23lb. 1oz. (or nearly 20cwt.) are called a tun, or ton. DRY MEASURE. 58 Dry Measure is used for all measurable commodities, 16= 2= 1 peck. 64= 8= 4 1 bushel. 256= 32= 16= 4= 1 coom. 51264 32= 8= 2= 1 quarter. 2560=320=160=40=10=5=1 wey. 5120=640=320=80=20=10=2=1 last. y The standard weights and measures were formerly kept at Winchester, as they are now at the Exchequer. By a law of king Edgar, made nearly a century before the Conquest, it was enacted, that all measures of capacity should agree with the measures kept at Winchester. Hence the measure for dry goods is called Winchester measure. The gallon contains 268 cubic inches, and consequently the pint will be 333 cubic inches nearly. The dry gallon is somewhat greater than a mean between the wine and beer gallons. By an act of Parliament, made in 1697, it was ordered, that the standard bushel should be a cylinder of 18 inches diameter, and 8 inches deep, which are the legal dimensions of the corn bushel at present in use. A bushel of wheat weighs 1000 ounces, or 62+ pounds; a bushel of barley, 50 pounds; a bushel of oats, 38 pounds; a bushel of flour or salt, 56 pounds. A sack of flour is 5 bushels, and weighs 280 pounds. Both 5 bushels, and 40 bushels, of corn are reckoned a load; the former for a man, the latter for a cart. It may be remarked, that any measure heaped up is allowed to contain one third more than when it is struck off. FS 86. In 5 quarters 4 bushels 3 pecks of wheat, how many gallons? OPERATION. qr. bu. pk. 5 4 3 8 44 bushels. 4 179 pecks. 2 Ans. 358 gallons. Explanation. I multiply first by 8, because (2 cooms, or) 8 bushels are a quarter, and take in the 4; next by 4, and take in 3; and lastly by 2, where there is nothing to take in. 88. In 15 quarters of wheat, how many quarts? Ans. 3840. 89. In 91 lasts of corn, how many pecks? Ans. 29120. 90. In 12ch. 3bu. 1pk. of coals, how many pecks? Ans. 1741. 91. In 537 pecks of wheat, how many quarters? Ans. 16qr. 6bu. 1pk. 92. How many pecks are there in 20 score of coals? Ans. 60480. > The standard coal bushel is 8 inches deep, and 19 wide: the measure is always heaped up; and for every 5 chaldrons bought at one time the seller must give 63 sacks. 12 hundred of some things. . a thousand. 60. PAPER, PARCHMENT, AND BOOKS. 24 sheets of paper make a quire. Of the different sizes of books, folio is the largest. folio (fol.) A sheet of paper makes in 2 leaves, or 4 pages. 4 leaves, or 8 pages. 8 leaves, or 16 pages. quarto (4to.) .. 93. In 50 dozen of eggs, how many score? Ans. 30. 94. In 720 score of corks, how many groce? Ans. 100. 95. How many great groce are there in one hundred thousand? Ans. 57 g. groce, 1504 over. 96. In forty great hundred of tallies, how many dozen? Ans. 400. 97. How many score in one hundred long dozens? Ans. 65. 98. In twenty thousand lemons, how many long dozens? Ans. 1538 1. doz. 6 over: • Oranges, lemons, lead-pencils, tobacco-pipes, corks, &c. are usually sold by the groce; eggs, tallies, nails, and many other small articles, are sold by the great hundred. 99. How many sheets of paper are there in a folio volume of ? Ans. 90. 360 pages 100. How many sheets of paper are there in one thousand reams? Ans. 480000. 101. A quarto work contains 12600 pages; how many sheets of paper are there in it? Ans. 1575. 102. Thirty-five sheets are employed in an octavo book; how many pages does it contain? Ans. 560. 103. How many common reams are there in fifty printer's reams of paper? Ans. 53 reams, 15 quires. 104. An octavo work of 20 sheets contains eight hundred thousand letters; how many are there in a page? Ans. 2500. h A day is the length of time which elapses while the earth revolves once about its axis, which is about 23h. 56m. 4′′. although commonly reckoned 24 hours. Hours, minutes, and seconds, are divisions and subdivisions of a day, an hour being one twenty-fourth part of a day; a minute, one sixtieth part of an hour; and a second, one sixtieth part of a minute. The week is a religious institution, appointed by the ALMIGHTY immediately after the creation; and the observance of every seventh day as a day of holy rest is repeatedly enjoined in the Scriptures. A month is properly a portion of time regulated by the moon: thus a lunar periodical month is 27d. 7h. 43m. 8". being the time the moon takes in going from any point in the ecliptic to the same point again. A lunar synodical month or lunation consists of 29d. 12h. 44m. 3′′. 11′′". being the space of time which passes from one new moon to the next; to these may be added the solar month, of 30d. 10h. 29m. 5′′. which is the time the sun takes to pass through one sign, or one twelfth part of the ecliptic; and likewise the civil month of 28 days, as in the Table. A year is the space of time in which the earth makes one complete revolution round the sun, and in which all the seasons return: this is called the solar year, and consists of 365d. 5h. 48m. 48". The Julian year of 365d. 6h. is commonly reckoned 365 days only; and for |