5. Suppose that you are a farmer, and sell some person 67 bu. potatoes at $.40 per bu.; 49 bu. Indian corn at $.75 per bu.; 27 bu. rye at $1.50 per bu.; 15 bu. wheat at $2.12 per bu.; and 58 bbl. apples at $1.87 per bbl.; and in payment receive 3 cows at $24 each; 1 plough worth $15.75; and the balance in cash.

6. Sell one of your companions the following articles for cash, and make out the bill:

6 doz. Warren's Common-School Geography, at $11.25 per doz. 6 doz. Warren's Physical Geography, at $11.75 per doz.

9 doz. Colburn's First Book of Arithmetic, at $2.87 per doz. 6 doz. Colburn's Common-School Arithmetic, at $5.50 per doz. 6 doz. Colburn's Arithmetic and Applications, at $9 per doz. 8 doz. Leach's Complete Speller, at $2.40 per doz.

9 doz. Greene's Introduction to English Grammar, at $2.88 per doz.

4 doz. Greene's Analysis, at $5.25 per doz.

3 copies Webster's Quarto Dictionary, at $5.50 each.

5 copies Brande's Encyclopedia, at $3.87 per copy, and 1 set, 14 volumes, American Encyclopedia, at $2.12 per volume.

67. Accounts.

NOTE. Every careful man, whether he does much or little business, will keep a record of his business transactions. The necessity of doing this in a convenient and systematic manner, gives rise to the science and art of ACCOUNTS, or of BOOK-KEEPING-the essential principles of which ought to be so far familiar to all, as to enable them to keep at least some simple form of accounts. We have, therefore, arranged the following described transactions so that, while they furnish problems requiring a practical application of arithmetical principles, they will serve to illustrate a form of book-keeping adapted to that large class of farmers and mechanics who do but little business except for cash, and hence have few entries to make. Each pupil should suppose that his own transactions are here described, and that he wishes to determine the exact state of his affairs Oct. 1, 1857, and to ascertain whether he has gained or lost money during the preceding month. His work should be written out with care and system, whether he adopts the forms of the accountant, or regards the problems merely as arithmetical. Should the teacher prefer the latter, the explanations preceding the problems may be omitted.

(a.) ACCOUNTS are written statements of business transactions, so arranged as to show at any time the exact state of our affairs with each individual with whom we have dealings.

(b.) BOOK-KEEPING is the science of accounts.

(c.) Every statement of a transaction written in an accountbook is called an ENTRY.

(d.) We DEBIT or CHARGE a man with what he owes us or receives from us on account.

(e.) We CREDIT a man with what we owe him or receive from him on account.

(f.) We may keep an account with articles of property, as though they were individuals, by charging them with what they cost us, and crediting them with what they bring us in. The most important of this class of accounts is the CASH ACCOUNT, which should be kept by every one.

(g.) In keeping a cash account, CASH is regarded as an individual whom we charge with the money in our possession when we open the account, and with all which we afterwards receive, and whom we credit with all the money we pay out.

ILLUSTRATION. - If I have $100, and afterwards receive $50, and pay out $40, I should debit Cash for $100 and for $50, and credit Cash for $40. The difference, $110, between the sums of the debit and credit entries, shows the amount of money I have on hand.

(h.) In the simplest form of accounts, but one book is used. Two pages, facing each other, are given to each account-the lefthand page being devoted to the debit entries, and the right-hand page to the credit entries. The pages are ruled, and the entries written as illustrated on pages 96 and 97, which contain George Brown's account, and a part of Cash Account.

NOTE. The lines at the foot of Cash Account, and the entries "By Cash to Balance" and "To Balance from old acc't," are designed merely to show how the account should be closed. (See pages 96 and 97.)

1. On the first of September, 1857, you take an inventory, i. e. a careful account of all your property, and find that you have the following: Cash, $150; 50 bu. potatoes, valued at 60 cents per bu.; and 8 bbl. apples, valued at $2.25 per bbl. Nothing is due you and you owe nothing.

NOTE. This inventory should be entered on the first page of your account-book. It should be headed "Inventory of the assets and liabilities of A. B. (inserting your own name), Sept. 1, 1857." Then should be written, "I owe Cash $50," etc.

You afterwards engage in the following transactions:

2. Sept. 2. Sell George Brown 6 bu. potatoes at 65 cents per bu.; and 1 bbl. apples for $2.37.

NOTE. When nothing is said of payment, the articles are supposed to be bought and sold on account.

SUGGESTION.-The pupil may if he prefers it, substitute the names of his companions instead of the names here given; but care must be taken to make the same substitution for each name every time it occurs.

3. Sept. 2. Sell Henry Gay 12 bu. potatoes at 63 cents per bu.; and 5 bbl. apples at $2.37 per bbl.

4. Sept. 3. Buy of Henry Gay 6 lb. beef at 12 cents per lb.

5. Sept. 4. Sell for cash 2 bbl. apples at $2.33 per bbl.

6. Sept. 5. Buy of Edward Morris 1 pair of children's shoes for 87 cents; 1 pair of women's gaiter-boots for $1.75.

7. Sept. 5. Buy of Smith & Jones 6 lb. brown sugar at 12 cents per lb.; 6 lb. white sugar at 14 cents per lb.; and lb. Young Hyson tea at 64 cents per lb.

8. Sept. 5. Charge Charles French for 3 days' labor at $1.62 per day.

9. Sept. 5. Buy for cash 15 bbl. apples at $2.25 per bbl., and pay cash for incidental expenses, 50 cents.

10. Sept. 5. Buy of Henry Gay 9 lb. sausages at 13 cents

per lb.

11. Sept. 7. Charge Alfred Baker for 1 day's labor $1.75, and sell him 25 bu. potatoes at 65 cents per bu.

12. Sept. 8. Edward Morris has mended your boots, for which he charges $1.00.

13. Sept. 9. Charge Oliver Ellis for 2 days' labor at $1.75 per day, and buy of him 1 pair of pants for $5.25, and 1 vest for $3.37.

14. Sept. 9. Hire a horse and carriage of George Brown for $2.

15. Sept. 10. Buy for cash 5 tons of hay at $16.75 per ton.

16. Sept. 10. Sell Edward Morris 2 bbl. apples at $2.35 per bbl., and 7 bu. potatoes at 60 cents per bu.

17. Sept. 11. Buy of Charles French 30 bu. Dover potatoes at 58 cents per bu.; 45 bu. Chenango potatoes at 56 cents per bu.; 100 lb. butter at 19 cents per lb.; and 124 lb. cheese at 8 cents per lb.; paying $15 in cash.*

18. Sept. 12. Buy of Henry Gay 7 lb. corned beef at 12 cents per pound.

19. Sept. 12. Sell for cash 2 tons hay at $19.63 per ton; receive cash for 3 days' labor at $1.75 per day; and sell for cash 25 bu. Dover potatoes at 60 cents per bu.; and 1 bbl. apples for $2.30.

20. Sept. 12. Buy of Smith & Jones 4 lb. old Java coffee at 20 cents per lb.; 3 lb. bar soap at 8 cents per lb. ; 2 gal. molasses at 63 cents per gallon; and sell them 1 bbl. apples for $2.30; and 5 bu. Dover potatoes at 60 cents per bu.

21. Sept. 14. Charge Charles French with 2 days' labor at $1.75 per day, and buy of him 3 tons of hay at $16.62 per ton.

22. Sept. 14. Sell Henry Gay 27 lb. butter at 23 cents per lb., and 1 cheese weighing 26 lb. at 9 cents per lb.

23. Sept. 15. Buy for cash 1 plough for 6.50, and 1 cultivator for $5.62.

24. Sept. 15. Sell for cash 1 bbl. apples for $2.25.

25. Sept. 16. Charge Smith & Jones for 2 days' labor at $1.75 per day; and buy of them 3 qt. sperm oil at $1.56 per gal.; and 1 ham weighing 13 lb. at 15 cents per lb.

26. Sept. 16. Buy of Edward Morris 1 harness for $33.75, and sell him 25 cwt. of hay at 90 cents per cwt.

27. Sept. 16. Sell for cash 53 lb. butter at 22 cents per lb., and 40 lb. cheese at 9 cents per lb.

28. Sept. 17. Sell your harness for cash, $25.

* This requires an entry both in French's account and on cash account.

29. Sept. 18. Sell Edward Morris 10 bu. Chenango potatoes at 58 cents per bu.

30. Sept. 18. Charge Alfred Baker for 2 days' labor at $1.62 per day, and sell him 2 tons 10 cwt. of hay at $18.50 per ton.

31. Sept. 19. Sell Oliver Ellis 10 bu. Chenango potatoes at 54 cents per bu.

32. Buy of Henry Gay 9 lb. mutton at 12 cents per lb., and 25 lb. lard at 13 cents per lb.

33. Sept. 21. Sell Charles French a plough for $8 and a cultivator for $6.75.

34. Sept. 21. Pay cash to Dr. Howe for services as physician, $1.50; and buy for cash 12 bu. peaches at $1 per bu.; and 5 bu. pears at $1.25 per bu.

35. Sept. 23. Sell Alfred Baker 3 pk. peaches at 33 cents per pk., and 2 pk. pears at 35 cents per pk.

36. Sept..23. Sell Oliver Ellis 3 pk. peaches at 33 cents per pk.; 2 pk. pears at 35 cents per pk.; 8 lb. butter at 23 cents per lb.; and 16 lb. cheese at 10 cents per lb.

37. Sept. 23. Sell Smith & Jones 2 bu. 3 pk. peaches at $1.20 per bu.; and 1 bu. 2 pk. pears at $1.40 per bu.

38. Sept. 23. Receive cash for peaches and pears peddled out, $6.83.

39. Sept. 24. Sell for cash 3 bu. 1 pk. peaches at $1.20 per bu., pay cash for a dress-coat $20.

and

40. Sept. 26. Buy of Smith & Jones 12 lb. rice at 7 cents per lb., and 12 lb. sugar at 13 cents per lb.

41. Sept. 26. Receive cash for labor $3.15, and also $5 from George Brown on account.

42. Sept. 28. Buy of Edward Morris 1 pair thick boots for yourself, $3, and 1 pair thick boots for your son, $2.

43. Sept. 28. Buy of Henry Gay 5 lb. beef at 11 cents per lb., and 7 lb. sausages at 14 cents per lb.