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Proof.

AB is parallel to CE (a).

AC falls upon them.

.. by Euc. I. 29,

(b) angle BAC is equal to the alternate angle ACE.

Again, AB is parallel to CE (a).

BD falls upon them.

.. by Euc. I. 29,

(c) angle ABC is equal to exterior angle ECD.

But the two angles,

A CE in (b), and E CD in (c),

make up the whole angle ACD.

... the exterior angle ACD is equal to the two interior opposite angles BA C, ABC.

Q. E. D.

THEOREM (Euclid I. 32, Second Part).

Repeat.-The enunciation of Euc. I. 13 Axioms 1 and 2a.

General Enunciation.

and

The three interior angles of every triangle are equal to two right angles.

Particular Enunciation.

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Produce BC to D (see next page).

(a) Through the point C draw CE parallel to A B.

I

Proof.

Angle A CD is equal to angles BA C, A B ̧C.

(Conclusion of last theorem.)

Add angle A CB to each of these equals.

E

B

Then, by Axiom 2a,

(b) The two angles ACD, ACB are equal to the three angles BA C, ABC, AC B. But, by Euc. I. 13,

Angles A CD, A CB are equal to two right angles. by Axiom 1,

angles BAC, ACB, ABC are equal to two right angles.

Q. E. D.

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THEOREM (Euclid I. 33).

Repeat.-The enunciations of Euc. I. 4; I. 27; I. 29; and Axiom 2a.

General Enunciation.

The straight lines which join the extremities of two equal and parallel straight lines towards the same parts, are themselves equal and parallel.

Particular Enunciation.

Given. (a) The straight lines A B, CD, equal and parallel.

B

D

(b) The straight line AC joining the extremities A and C, and

(c) The straight line BD joining the extremities B and D.

Required. To prove that AC and BD are equal and parallel.

A

B

Construction.
Join CB.

(NOTE.—A C is said to join the extremities towards

the same parts.

opposite parts.)

Proof.

CB joins the extremities towards

AB is parallel to CD (Given a).

BC meets them.

by Euc. I. 29,

(d) the angle ABC is equal to the alternate angle BCD.

Again, AB is equal to CD (Given a),

to each of these add BC,

... by Axiom 2a,

(e) the two sides A B, BC, are equal to the two sides D C, C B, each to each.

So that in the two triangles A B C, D C B,
we have two sides equal to two sides (e),
and the included angles equal (d).

.. by Euc. I. 4, we have

(f) the base A C equal to the base B D, and (g) the angle ACB equal to the angle DBC. So, the straight line B C meets A C, B C, and makes the alternate angles equal (g).

.. by Euc. I. 27,

AC is parallel to BC, and
AC is equal to BC (f).

EXERCISE.

Given.-A B, CD parallel,
A C, BD equal.

Q. E. D.

Required. To prove that angles CAB, BDC are together equal to two right angles.

(Draw B E parallel to A C.

Foin CB. And use

Euc. I. 33, I. 5, I. 8, I. 13, I. 32.)

DEFINITIONS.

A quadrilateral is a four-sided figure.
A square has four equal sides and four right angles.
A rectangle has four

right angles, and its opposite sides equal; but its adjacent sides unequal.

A parallelogram is a four-sided figure having its opposite sides parallel.

(A square and a rectangle are parallelograms, so are Figures A and B.)

A

A is a rhombus, B is a rhomboid.

A trapezium is any four-sided figure that is not a square, a rectangle, or a parallelogram, as C.

A diameter of a parallelogram is the straight line which joins any two of its opposite angles.

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