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The two angles CBA, ABD equal the three -angles CBE, EBA, ABD (d).

The two angles DBE, EBC equal the three angles CBE, EBA, ABD (c).

(e). By Axiom I the two angles CBA, A B D equal the two angles DBE, E BC. The angles DBE, EBC are two right angles. The angles CBA, ABD equal the angles DBE, EBC.

.. The angles CBA, ABD are together equal to two right angles.

Q. E. D. EXERCISE.-Prove that the five angles, ACD,

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DCE, ECF, FCG, GCB, are together equal to two right angles.

(Draw a line at right angles to A B).

THEOREM (Euclid I. 14).

Repeat. The enunciation of Euc. I. 13 and Axioms 3a and II.

General Enunciation.

If, at a point in a straight line, two other straight lines, on the opposite sides of it, make the adjacent angles together equal to two right angles, those two straight lines shall be in one and the same straight line.

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Given. (a) The straight line A B. (b) The point B in AB.

B

(c) Two straight lines at the point B, on opposite sides of A B.

(d) The angles ABC, ABD equal to two right angles.

Required. To prove that CB is in the same straight line with BD.

Proof (Indirect)—

Let us suppose that CB is not in the same straight line with BD.

Then draw BE, and (a) assume that BE and CB are in the same straight line.

E

B

The angles which one straight line makes with another on one side of it, are equal to two right angles (Euc. I. 13).

CBE is assumed to be a straight line (a), and the line AB makes with it on the same side, the angles ABC, ABE.

(b) ... The angles ABC, ABE are together equal to two right angles.

The angles ABC, ABD were given (d) equal to two right angles.

The angles ABC, ABD have been proved (b) equal to two right angles.

.. The angles ABC, ABD are equal to the angles ABC, ABE. (Axiom 11.) From these equals take away the common angle ABC. (The angle ABC being found in both pairs of angles, is called the common angle.)

Then the remaining angle A B D is equal to the remaining angle ABE (Axiom 3a).

That is to say, we have proved the greater angle
ABD equal to the lesser angle A B E.
As this is absurd and impossible, it is also
absurd to suppose, as we did (a), that the line
BE can be in the same straight line with CB.

THEOREM (Euclid I. 16).

Repeat. The enunciations of Euc. I. 15, I. 4, and

Axiom 9.

General Enunciation.

If one side of a triangle be produced, the exterior angle shall be greater than either of the interior opposite angles.

Particular Enunciation.

Given. The triangle ABC (Fig. 1). with the side BC produced to D.

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Of the four angles in this figure, ACD is called the exterior angle, being outside the triangle; the other three angles are called interior angles, being inside the triangle.

Of the three interior angles, ACB is called the interior adjacent angle, being next to the exterior angle; ABC and BAC are called the interior opposite angles, being opposite to the exterior angle. Construction (for purposes of proof, Fig. 2).

Bisect A C, and call the point of intersection E.
Join BE.

Produce the line BE to F, making EFequal to BE.
Join FC.

Ist Proof. (We have to prove that angle A CD is

greater than either of the angles ABC or BAC.) AC was bisected.

(a).. A E is equal to E C (construction).

And (6) E F was made equal to B E (const.). The lines AC and BF cut one another (Euc. I. 15).

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(c). The angle A E B is equal to the angle CEF.

We use conclusions (a), (b), and (c) in applying Euc. I. 4 to the two triangles AEB, FEC. Thus: Euclid proves (I. 4) that | We have (in Fig. 2) if two triangles

have two sides of the
one

equal to two sides of
the other,
each to each,
and also the angles in-
cluded between
those two sides
equal;
then

The remaining an-
gles of the one tri-
angle shall be equal
to the remaining
angles of the other
triangle.

The two triangles AEB,
FEC,

having the two sides

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But the whole angle A CD is greater than its

part ECF

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