XII.

of investing with the ring and crosier; and that the C EN T. bishops and abbots should, on the other hand, PARTIL resign and give over to the emperor all the grants they had received from CHARLEMAGNE, of those rights and privileges that belong to royalty, such as the power of raising tribute, coining money, and possessing independent lands and territories, with other immunities of a like nature. These conditions were agreeable to HENRY, who accordingly gave a formal consent to them in the year IIII; but they were extremely displeasing to the Italian and German bishops, who expressed their dissent in the strongest terms. Hence a terrible tumult arose in the church of St PETER, where the contending parties were assembled with their respective followers; upon which HENRY ordered the pope to be seized, and to be confined in the castle of Viterbo. After having lain there for some time the captive pontif was engaged, by the unhappy circumstances of his present condition, to enter into a new convention, by which he solemnly receded from the article of the former treaty that regarded investitures, and confirmed to the emperor the privilege of inaugurating the bishops and abbots with the ring and crosier. Thus was the peace concluded, in consequence of which the vanquished pontif arrayed HENRY with the imperial diadem [a].

breaks this

IV. This transitory peace, which was the fruit Pascal of violence and necessity, was followed by greater convention, tumults and more dreadful wars, than had yet and dies. afflicted the church. Immediately after the conclusion of this treaty, Rome was filled with the most vehement commotions, and a universal cry

was

[a] Besides the writers already mentioned, see MABILLON, Annal. Benedict. tom. v. p. 681. and tom. vi. p. 1. at the particular years to which the events here taken notice of belong..

PARTII

CEN T. was raised against the pontif, who was accused of XII. having violated, in a scandalous manner, the duties and dignity of his station, and of having prostituted the majesty of the church by his ignominious compliance with the demands of the emperor. To appease these commotions, PASCAL assembled, in the year 1112, a council in the church of Lateran, and there not only confessed, with the deepest contrition and humility, the fault he had committed in concluding such a convention with the emperor, but submitted moreover the decision of that matter to the determination of the council, who accordingly took that treaty into consideration, and solemnly annulled it [b]. This step was followed by many events that gave, for a long time, an unfavourable turn to the affairs of the emperor. He was excommunicated in many synods and councils both in France and Germany; nay, he was placed in the black list of heretics, a denomination, which exposed him to the greatest dangers in these superstitious and barbarous times [c]; and, to complete his anxiety, he saw the German princes revolting from his authority in several places, and taking up arms in the cause of the church. To put an end to the calamities that thus afflicted the empire on all sides, HENRY set out a second time for Italy, with a numerous army, in the year 1116, and arrived the year following at Rome, where he assembled the consuls, senators, and nobles, while the fugitive pontif retired to Benevento. PASCAL,

[b] PASCAL, upon this occasion, as GREGORY VII. had formerly done in the case of BERENGRR, submitted his proceedings and his authority to the judgment of a council, to which, of consequence, he acknowledged his subordination. Nay, still more, that council condemned his measures, and declared them scandalous.

[c] See GERVAISE, Diss. sur l'Heresie des investitures, which is the fourth of the Dissertations which he has prefixed to his History of the Abbot Suger.

XII.

PASCAL, however, during this forced absence, c E N T. engaged the Normans to come to his assistance, PART II. and, encouraged by the prospect of immediate succour, prepared every thing for a vigorous war against the emperor, and attempted to make himself master of Rome. But in the midst of these warlike preparations, which drew the attention of Europe, and portended great and remarkable events, the military pontif yielded to fate, and concluded his days, A. D. 1118.

V. A few days after the death of PASCAL, JOHN of Gaieta, a Benedictine monk of Montcassin, and chancellor of the Roman church, was raised to the pontificate under the title of GELASIUS II. In opposition to this choice, HENRY elected to the same dignity MAURICE BURDIN, archbishop of Braga in Spain [d], who assumed the denomination of GREGORY VIII. [e]. Upon this, GELASIUS, not thinking himself safe at Rome, nor indeed in Italy, set out for France, and in a little time after died at Clugni. The Cardinals, who accompanied him in his journey, elected to the papacy, immediately after his departure, GUY archbishop of Vienne, count of Burgundy, who was nearly related to the emperor, and is distinguished in the list of the Roman pontifs by the name of CALLIXTUS II. The elevation of this eminent ecclesiastic was, in the issue, extremely happy both for church and state. Remarkably distinguished by his illustrious birth, and still more by his noble and heroic qualities, this magnanimous pontif continued to oppose the em

peror

[d] Braga was the metropolis of ancient Galicia, but at present is one of the three archbishoprics of Portugal, in the province of Entre Duero è Migno. The archbishop of that see claims the title of primate of Spain, which is annexed in Spain to the see of Toledo.

[e] See STEPHANI BALUZII Vita Mauritii Burdini Miscellaneor. tom. iii. p. 471.

PARTIL

CEN T. peror with courage and success, and to carry on XII. the war both with the sword of the spirit, and with the arm of flesh. He made himself master of Rome, threw into prison the pontif that had been chosen by the emperor, and fomented the civil commotions in Germany. But his fortitude and resolution were tempered with moderation, and accompanied with a spirit of generosity and compliance, which differed much from the obstinate arrogance of his lordly predecessors. Accordingly, he lent an ear to pacific counsels, and was willing to relinquish a part of the demands upon which the former pontifs had so vehemently insisted, that he might restore the public tranquillity, and satisfy the ardent desires of so many nations, who groaned under the dismal effects of these deplorable divisions [f].

It will appear unquestionably evident to every attentive and impartial observer of things, that the illiberal and brutish manners of those who ruled the church were the only reason that rendered the dispute concerning investitures so violent and cruel, so tedious in its duration, and so unhappy in its effects. During the space of five-andfifty years, the church was governed by monks, who, to the obscurity of their birth, the asperity of their natural temper, and the unbounded rapacity of their ambition and avarice, joined that inflexible obstinacy which is one of the essential characteristics of the monastic order. Hence those bitter feuds, those furious efforts of ambition and vengeance, that dishonoured the church and afflicted the state during the course of this. controversy. But as soon as the papal chair was filled by a man of an ingenious turn, and of a liberal education, the face of things changed entirely

[f] The paragraph following is the note [], of the original placed in the text.

XI. PART II.

Peace is

tirely, and a prospect of peace arose to the de-C ENT. sires and hopes of ruined and desolate countries. VI. These hopes were not disappointed; for, after much contestation, peace was, at length, concluded concluded between the emperor and the pope's between legates, at a general diet held at Worms, A. D. the pape II22. The conditions were as follow:

66

and the em

peror upon

ditions.

That for the future the bishops and abbots certain con"shall be chosen by those to whom the right of "election belongs [g]; but that this election "shall be made in presence of the emperor, or "of an ambassador appointed by him for that purpose [b]:

66

"That, in case a dispute arise among the electors, the decision of it shall be left to the emperor, who is to consult with the bishops upon "that occasion:

46

"That the bishop or abbot elect shall take an "oath of allegiance to the emperor, receive "from his hand the regalia, and do homage for

"them:

"That the emperor shall no more confer the "regalia by the ceremony of the ring and crosier, "which are the ensigns of a ghostly dignity, but

by that of the sceptre, which is more to invest "the person elected in the possession of rights "and privileges merely temporal [i]."

This convention was solemnly confirmed the year following in the general council of Lateran, VOL. III.

E

and

[g] The expression is ambiguous; but it signifies that the election of bishops and abbots was to be made by monks and canons as in former times.

[b] From this period the people in Germany were excluded from the right of voting in the election of bishops. See PETR. DE MARCA, De concordia sacerdotii et imperii, lib. vi. cap. ii. sect. 9. p. 783. edit. Bohmeri.

[i] See MURATORI Antiq. Ital. medii ævi, tom. vi. p. 76.— SCHILTERUS, De Libertate Eccl. Germanicæ, lib. iv. cap. iv. P. 545

CESAR RASPONUS, De Bailica Lateranensi, lib. ivepe