REPARATIONS

Genius Rewarded

News was flashed from Paris: "Seymour Parker Gilbert Jr. is appointed permanent Agent General of Reparations under the Experts' Plan in succession to the temporary Agent General, Owen D. Young." This was the gist of an announcement made by the Reparations Commission, which had for many days been awaiting Mr. Gilbert's acceptance of the appointment before making it public.

Not long after receipt of the news in the U. S., reporters crossed the threshold of Mr. Gilbert's office in lower Manhattan, but he was "too busy to comment." Later, however, he unbent, issued a statement:

"I am deeply sensible of the honor conferred and of the responsibilities which the post involves. I expect to sail for Europe within a month or so.

"I am not, of course, in a position to say anything about the plan or the arrangements for carrying it out. Any inquiries of this kind should be sent to Mr. Owen D. Young, who has generously consented to accept a temporary appointment in order to organize the work of the plan."

Colonel James A. Logan, U. S. observer with the Reparations Commission, commented upon the appointment:

"I cannot refrain from expressing gratification that the circumstances are such as to enable Mr. Gilbert to accept the appointment. His services to public finance with the U. S. Treasury Department are known quantities and his reputation as a jurist is excellent.

"Leaving aside the question of technical equipment which peculiarly fits Mr. Gilbert for the important and responsible work which lies ahead of him, I feel that the Reparations Commission and the Governments are to be congratulated upon having secured for the post a man whose known breadth of vision, ability and wide experience will prove an invaluable boon to the great work which means so much to the world."

But what manner of man is Seymour Parker Gilbert? What are his qualifications? What is the nature of his job?

Scarcely 31 years have rolled by since Baby Gilbert saw the light of day, and in that period he has earned recognition as a financial genius that is seldom accorded to men twice his age.

As a boy he was studious, used to roam the streets of his native Bloomfield, N. J., reading a book. At an early age he attended grade school, migrating later to high school, thence to Rut

gers College, where he is yet known as the most brilliant scholar who was ever graduated there. The legal profession then claimed him and Mr. Gilbert went to Harvard Law School, was awarded the degree of LL.B. cum laude.

At the tender age of 23, or thereabout, Mr. Gilbert became a law clerk in a firm of Manhattan lawyers. Here he remained for nearly three years, lost in the midst of Manhattan's hordes. In 1918, he became a member of the War Loan Staff, did valuable work, received due recognition. In June of 1920, when not yet 28 years of age, he was nominated by President Wilson as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. When the Harding Administration succeeded that of Mr. Wilson, he was reappointed to the assistant secretaryship and in June of the same year, his importance to the U. S. Treasury was such that a special post was made for him, namely that of Under Secretary of the Treasury, a post second in importance only to that of Andrew W. Mellon.

Few, if any, men can point to such a distinguished and honorable career in the realm of finance. Many have through accident become financial tsars, but few have reached so high a goal by their own efforts in such a short space of time.

And now this tall, slender man with brown hair and blue-gray eyes is to go to Europe, is to become Agent General of Reparations. His new job will be bigger than any he has yet had. Through his hands will go all the reparations that Germany is to pay. He will be virtually in command of Germany's finances and at the same time the principal link, so far as reparations are concerned, between the Allies and Germany. Upon his shoulders will rest a fair share of the responsibility of operating successfully the Experts' Plan, and, let it be not forgotten, upon the Plan's success reposes the economic Clearly equilibrium of a continent. Mr. Gilbert will be one of the biggest men in Europe and will exercise such power as would make many a Mussolini or a Primo Rivera turn green with envy. Alone from thousands of financial wizards, Mr. Gilbert has been selected as the wizard of them all and his selection is unquestionably the result of sane reasoning.

First steps toward operating the Experts' Plan were made when Temporary Agent General of Reparations Owen D. Young burst into Berlin, hung up his coat and rolled up his sleeves. Said he:

"Whether the plan is as good as its most enthusiastic supporters believe or as bad as its worst enemy says is not

nearly so important as whether all the interested countries are in a spirit to make it work. If they are, the plan will succeed; if they are not, the best plan would fail."

He commended Germany for paying promptly an instalment of 20 million gold marks and said that he was sure that the 83 million gold marks due this month would be paid. "I find a greatly improved spirit in Germany since I was here in February," said Mr. Young. He also stated that Germany was practically upon a gold basis. "The moment she gets a new currency, she will be," added Mr. Young.

At another time, Mr. Young defined his position as follows:

"I am loyal. If Germany's financial burden is crushing, that of the other powers is no less so. I have not hid from the Germans my firm intention to make them pay up to the breaking point; on the other hand, I have assured them that I oppose that point being exceeded.

"As far as I am concerned, Germany shall pay all she reasonably can, and the Powers interested in reparations shall get all they can reasonably expect nothing more nor less."

44 hours to be made applicable to all trades.

As in Congresses of recent years, much interest was taken in the question of Communism. M. Tomsky made a veiled speech which was regarded as the subtlest Bolshevik propaganda. One H. Pollitt advocated an international conference of all trades union movements, including the Amsterdam and Moscow Internationales, with the object of bringing the "organized workers of the world under international fighting leadership."

A. A. Purcell, Chairman of the Congress, said in answer that the Council of the Congress had already decided to ask the Amsterdam Internationale to issue invitations to call such a conference at which Russians could be present. This was taken to mean that British trades unionism would coöperate with Russians upon an equal basis but would not permit the latter to dominate or dictate.

It was clear, however, that the Congress would not go on record in favor of any policy either directly or indirectly favoring Communism, although a strong sentiment existed in favor of combating the growth of international Capitalism. After this, discussion of policy at the proposed Conference was ruled out.

An important decision was made when the Congress agreed to give the Council (a permanent body) greater power to intervene in industrial disputes. Hitherto, the power of the Council has been limited to mediation when mediation was wanted, but under its new powers it is to try to prevent industrial disputes or to marshal all the forces of the unions in aid of any union which it supports. Thus, if a

to discuss what industrial action can be taken when war is threatened.

3) Maximum 48-hour week, with temporary 44-hour week while unemployment is acute.

4) Telegram of support to Premier Ramsay MacDonald on his stand at Geneva (see Page 6).

5) Approval of the Anglo-Soviet Treaty (TIME, Aug. 18).

No Modernist

Paradoxically enough, Miss Margaret Bondfield, Britain's first female Cabinet minister, is no modernist.

Far from praising the onward rush of women to what they joyfully term "emancipation," Miss Bondfield dealt the modernists last week a snappy slap, declaring that homemaking was the greatest art to which a woman could rise.

Said she: "The fact of the matter is that a large number of women are not fit to be homemakers because they have never addressed their minds to it as a vocation. They have regarded it as merely an opportunity to satisfy instinctive cravings, to express themselves and to have a husband who will give them a good time. . . . Homemaking requires the greatest intellectual effort and the most sustained service-the infinite capacity for taking pains which amounts to genius.

"I have very little patience with the woman who wants to leave husband and children to the care of paid workers, while she herself seeks outside work because it is more intellectual."

union declines to accept the ruling of Princely Pilgrim

the Council, it is to be reported to the next Congress and deprived of support from the rest of the unions. On the other hand, if the Council gives advice which is followed and a strike cannot be avoided, then a general strike is to be called to help the striking trade.

This move was taken as a direct slap in the face to the Communists who have in the past succeeded in bringing much disrepute upon the trades union movement by advocating hasty action. Thus, it was believed that the number of industrial conflicts will be reduced, but when they become inevitable, it seems that under the new ruling more strenuous struggles will result.

Other resolutions adopted were:

1) Abolition of cheap Asiatic labor aboard British ships.

2) Convocation of a special Congress

The chronological account of the visit of Lord Renfrew to the U. S. is continued:

At the Piping Rock Club, Locust Valley, L. I., the British Polo Team and Lord Renfrew were dined. Toasts were drunk to President Coolidge, King George and the Prince of Wales (Lord Renfrew). The company ate: Cantaloupe, Lobster à la Newburg, Squab Chicken Grillé, Green Corn Sauté, Lima Beans, Broiled Tomatoes, Hot Virginia Ham, Apples and Celery Salad, Crackers and Cheese, Vanilla Ice Cream, Sliced Peaches, Coffee. Dinner over, Will Rogers made the Prince's sides ache for 20 minutes with an entertaining monologue. After that, Lord Renfrew left the party "to dance somewhere."

¶ Next day a kind crank wrote to the

Acting British Consul in Manhattan offering to murder the distinguished British Heir Apparent. Although it was practically certain that the man was harmless, New York State Troopers, U. S. Department of State Agents and Scotland Yard Detectives "took extra precautions."

On the John S. Phipps estate a polo match was arranged. Upon the side opposite Renfrew was the great Will Rogers. A brisk game ended in a score of 9-5 in the Baron's favor. His Lordship was seen strolling off the field with the inimitable comedian.

At Belmont Park, the British Baron was again seen. Arriving just after the first race, he took up a position close to the last jump of the Steeplechase Course. "Hey," yelled a bobby. “Hey. you there! Get out of that! Get back out of that! You can't go there!" The Baron was taken aback, asked Joseph E. Widener: "Must I get out?" "I think they'll let you stay here," Mr. Widener returned. The policeman was informed of the stranger's identity and withdrew, muttering apologies.

Street shieks were frankly disappointed with Lord Renfrew's wardrobe. During his visit he has (barring polo kit) only worn two suits, a grey plaid and a grey with a fine stripe; most of the time he went about in grey flannel "bags" and a sport coat. He succeeded, however, in introducing suede shoes into the country. It was noticed that many males strutted about Belmont Park, shod in the soft rough leather. ¶ Arthur Brisbane, Hearstling, rapped the American people. Said he:

"Psychoanalysts, if any operate on a big scale, ought to look into that United States-Prince of Wales complex.

"Why millions of Americans should make pitiful idiots of themselves about a little Anglo-German boy, without especial ability, only Freud himself could tell."

¶ A tremendous party was given for the distinguished visitor by Clarence H. Mackay. It was said to be the most elaborate of all entertainments staged for the Baron since his arrival. Over 1,200 guests assembled, 800 having been invited.

¶ Lord Renfrew was at Mitchel Field to welcome the U. S. periterrestrial flyers (see Page 31). The crowd gave him a splendid welcome until the birdmen appeared upon the horizon, then they forgot him in their natural enthusiasm for the flyers' splendid feat For the second time-the first was in London-the Baron gripped the hands of the aviators, heartily congratulated them.

FRANCE

No Trunk

Among the plethora of characteristics that go to make the personality of M. Paul Painlevé, President of the Chamber of Deputies, is that of absent-mindedness.

Returning to Paris from Havre, whence he had gone to attend some Franco-Belgian confabs, M. Painlevé announced that he had lost his trunk. The station was searched from end to end by an army of porteurs; but there was no trunk.

The train had been held up and officials were getting worried, when M. Painlevé called the station master aside and whispered softly:

"Don't wait any longer; I have just remembered that I did not bring a

trunk!"

Notes

Generalissimo Degoutte, of the Franco-Belgian forces in the Ruhr, was being driven to his home at Charny, near Lyon, when the car ran up a steep bank, turned turtle, killed the chauffeur. The General escaped. On the same day M. Marcel Prevost, famed French author, was being driven near Montauban when a heavy truck ran into the automobile, smashed it badly, hurt no one. Thus did Providence spare two famed

men.

Paris was thrilled by the sale at forced auction for 100 sous ($1.00) of the embalmed head of Henry IV of France. Newspapers and correspondents staged a bitter fight. Some said it could not possibly be the King's head; others thought to the contrary.

Russian Colonel Bezobrazov said unpleasant things about the Prince of Monaco. Baron Gunsberg, former director of the Opera at Monte Carlo, heard them, challenged the Russian to combat with swords. To the sand dunes of Calais they went and fought the matter out. A sword thrust in the arm forced the Colonel to acknowledge his error.

"Why was the church bell of St. Laurent sold to Mrs. Spencer Eddy, of the U. S.? Who authorized the sale? How much was paid for it? Where did the money go? We want our bell back." These were the questions that les citoyens of St. Laurent de Calvados, a village near Deauville, were asking. These were the same questions that M. le Prefect could not answer. He said that he knew nothing of it, would investigate.

In North Africa

News from the Spanish zone in Morocco continued to be grave. Director Primo Rivera, head of the military directorate that rules Spain, caused the War Ministry to issue an insignificant communication which purported to be significant :

"There is but one way out of the situation, and that is to fight the audacious Moor until he is beaten and his morale broken. We must meet every attack of the Moors with counterattack.

"This means war, and the only way to reply is by war, not only because of our dignity but also because of our spirit of solidarity and our instinctive sense of self-preservation."

Both Spanish public and Moors have long since become used to such statements from a long succession of Spanish Governments. The Moorish rebels showed their contempt for such drivel by cutting Spanish communications between Tetuan, capital of Spanish Morocco, and Tangier, international zone lying at the extreme northwest corner of Morocco and opposite the great rock of Gilbraltar. This was by far the most decisive victory for the rebels in this year's fighting and a serious setback to the Spaniards.

The failure of Spain to pacify the Moors is due, from a military standpoint, to the mountainous country in the hinterland of Spanish Morocco. Movement of troops, maintenance of communications, so vital to distant garrisons, are some of the tremendously difficult problems with which Spain has to contend.

The inability of the Spaniards to quell the rebels in their area of Morocco caused grave apprehension in France and Italy. The map of Northern Africa depicts four areas whose inhabitants are under the suzerainty of foreign Powers: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya. Morocco is mainly under Frenc dominion and is a remarkable example of how low the great Shereefian Empire has fallen; for, still a monarchy, it is subjected to the French Republic and is now of little or no political importance. Algeria and Tunisia are likewise French possessions, while the greater part of Libya belongs to Italy under the name of Tripolitania.

At heart, many of the inhabitants of these countries do not view with equanimity the rule of foreigners, although the world is led to think differently. Encouraged by the rebels'

Fighting has continued sporadically since

1920.

success in Spanish Morocco, part of the native population under the sway of France and Italy began to growl. France and Italy claimed that the constant disorders in Spanish Morocco imperiled the peace of their North African possessions; the implication was that Spain must either keep her Moroccan house in order or get out.

GERMANY Capital Wanted

Alanson B. Houghton, U. S. Ambassador to the Republic of Germany, arrived in Washington to consult U. S. Secretary of State Charles

E. Hughes on developments in Germany due to the adoption of the Experts' Plan.

Referring to development now possible in the Reich, Mr. Houghton said:

"America's immediate interest in Germany's acceptance of the Dawes arrangement lies in the fact that the $200 million loan, in which our capital is to participate so heavily, is probably the best-guaranteed loan in the history of international finance. That is the case because the entire resources of the German Nation are pledged as collateral. American capital has an even wider interest in the adoption of the Dawes report and in what is bound to be its beneficent aftermath. That interest is that there now will open up for American investment in Germany a practically unlimited field of opportunity.

"Germany is striving for the capital requisite for its development in almost every conceivable direction. It can be invested at extraordinarily attractive rates of interest, compared with the returns obtainable in the United States. In many respects, Germany today resembles one of our Western states in the days before Eastern and foreign capital came into them.

"It is altogether probable that British capital will be found ready to join American money in the pacific penetration of Germany. If it ensues, it is my private opinion that the cause of European peace-and that means world peace-will be effectively enhanced."

Asked if he thought Germany would act honestly in discharging her obligations under the Experts' Plan, the Ambassador retorted:

"I have the firmest conviction it will do so. Germany will keep the faith. It at length has a practical inducement to do so, for its responsi

ble men hitherto have felt that Germany has been asked to fulfill impossible conditions. America's part in bringing them about, which is freely acknowledged throughout Germany, is not the least of its reasons for making a sincere and earnest effort to carry out the Dawes plan in letter and in spirit."

ITALY

In Sardinia

On Mar. 4, 1848, King Carlo Alberto granted to his Sardinian subjects a Statuto fondamentale del Regno, or Constitution.

An expansion of that Constitution has served Italy until the present, but Benito proposed to have it changed.

The Directorate of the Fascist Party, Benito at its head, appointed a committee of 15, composed of five Senators, five Deputies, three professors, one judge, one journalist, to modify the Constitution. Benito told them that they were only to do a little decorating and "to leave the main walls of the Constitution as they are."

This was taken to mean that the Constitution would be changed only to take into account the press and the labor organizations and the right of women to vote. Modification of the King's power or any change in Senate or Chamber was forbidden.

The Liberals, when they observed that the 15 members of the Commission were all moderate, old and experienced men, exclaimed with great satisfaction: "We are saved!"

Thus did Benito please part of his Opposition.

He Answers Nobody

With the magnificent gesture peculiar to him, Gabriele d'Annunzio, now Prince of Snowy Mountain, wrote to the newspaper Provincia di Brescia affecting proud disdain of the world, the flesh and the devil outside of his villa: "I beg you to declare that I have become the solitary, proud artist of 1911. It is my firm decision not to care or to know what happens outside my villa. Every evening, I burn before an altar of stone the heap of the day's unopened and unanswered letters. To write to me is useless, to come to my door equally useless. I answer nobody; I receive nobody. Neither prayer nor insolences can break my monastic enclosure. My dogs are wise and bite well. Have I made myself clear?"

Prices

RUSSIA

Since it became known that the wheat crop would not come up to moderate expectations, prices-of foodstuffs in particular began to rise. During last week, they continued to rise; and with them rose the tempers of the industrial workers in various parts of Russia.

The true reason for the attitude of the industrial workers was to be found in the Government's declared policy of exporting grain. In order to maintain the advantages which have been secured from foreign recognition during the year, the Moscow Government declared it was indispensable to the country's interests that grain should be exported. What was meant was that exports were necessary to balance imports; otherwise the returning foreign confidence in Russia would be shattered. The workers. however, could not see matters in this light and were interested solely in getting enough to eat, which they declared would be the case if grain were left in the country.

Evidence of much agitation among the workmen was seen in the increased activity of the Ogpu (secret police). The discovery of a committee to oppose the Government's grain-export policy was unearthed. This committee was engaged in exhorting the industrial workers, the railway men and the Red Army to thwart the Government, declaring that the latter was impervious to the dire distress of the hungry populace. One of its proclamations:

"If the Government persists, let us respond with a general strike. Let us refuse to pay taxes. Let us defy the Ogpu's hireling bands. Let them fire on us; we shall have rifles and machine guns, too. Better to die rifle in hand than to swell with hunger and expire like dogs."

The intense agitation on the part of the workers caused considerable nervousness among the Moscow Governmental hierarchy. Krassin, Kamenev and Zinoviev maintained that grain must be exported. Rykov, President of the Council of People's Commissaries, wavered. War Lord Trotzky thought it the height of folly to flout the people's wishes and recommended export of butter, timber, eggs, flax, oil to the West and of sugar to the East instead of export of grain.

No decision was reached.

Bombs

POLAND

President Stanislaw Wojciechowski went to Lemberg to open the Eastern Fair. Driving through the streets on

his return from the opening ceremony, he saw two men step out from among the crowd, throw two bombs into the middle of the road.

Fortunately, the bombs did not explode until the President was 30 yards away; when they did, no one was hurt, but . . . ah, the smell! Nearby spectators fled in wildest terror as the bombs alighted on the road. When the bombs exploded and the stink arose, they fled some more, their between clamped securely thumb and first finger. Finally, recovering from their consternation, they seized one of the bomb-throwers and, had it not been for the police, would have seriously damaged him. The other assailant escaped.

noses

The outrage on the President was laid to a manifestation on the part of his political enemies.

PALESTINE

U. S. Treaty

According to London information, the U. S. State Department informed the British Government that the Government of the U. S. was ready to negotiate a treaty applicable to Palestine.

Three points were to form the basis of discussion:

1) U. S. commercial rights; 2) Protection of U. S. missionaries; 3) Participation in the guardianship of holy places.

As Palestine is mandated to Great Britain by the League of Nations, all members of the League are automatically entitled to equality of commercial rights in all the mandated territories. But the U. S. is not a member of the League, and has to negotiate treaties of commerce with the mandatory Powers.

Regarding the guardianship of holy places, with which the protection of U. S. missionaries is cognate, the Council of the League of Nations ruled that the holy places should be under the care of a committee of consuls of countries represented on the Council. This again left the U. S. in the cold; but it was understood that no difficulty would stand in the way of electing an American Consul to the committee of consuls established by the League.

CHINA

Wu vs. Chang

Dramatis Personae:

Tuchun Chi of Kiangsu, aggressor backed by the Peking Government and General Wu.

Tuchun Lu of Chekiang, defender

of Shanghai, which is in Tuchun Chi's territory.

Military Commissioner Ho of Shanghai, relative of Tuchun Lu and engaged with him in defending Shanghai.

Super-Tuchun Wu of Chihli, Shantung and Honan, Kiangsu, Shansi, Shensi and Szechwan, greatest power in China, military sponsor of the Peking Government.

Super-Tuchun ManChang of churia, enemy of Tuchun Wu, who, two years ago, chased him from Peking.

President Tsao Kun of China. His political sympathies align him with General Chi and Super-General Wu.

Dr. Sun Yat-sen, President of South China, bitter enemy of Peking.

The threatened war (TIME, Sept. 8) between Tuchuns Chi and Lu began. Much fighting took place in the sector which intervenes between Shanghai in the East and Lake Taihu in the West. The noise of the confiict was appalling, but the casualties were out of all proportion to the shots fired; for, according to observers, the Chinese were characteristically wasting ammunition by firing wildly, often pointing rifles and artillery pieces at the clear, blue sky. After all, it must not be forgotten that half a century ago the Chinese, although they had known gunpowder centuries before, fought with swords, poisoned spears and darts-and loud shouts. Their sole scientific weapon was the stinkbomb.

were

With all the furor of battle, no important results achieved. Tuchun Chi started a propaganda service. In manifestos, delivered to Tuchun Lu's troops by airplane, Chi offered $50,000 to anyone who would hand over Lu dead or alive. A similar amount was offered to any officer who deserted Lu and brought his entire regiment over on his side. Twenty thousand dollars was the price to be paid, C. O. D., for each artillery gun or airplane; $1,000 was offered for machine two guns; months' pay was promised to each of Lu's deserting soldiers. Finally, the manifestos accused Lu of "crimes as big as Heaven," described him as a "murderer, robber, rebel, tyrant, accepter of bribes." On top of this, Chi told Lu's soldiers: "I sigh for you."

Two American women experienced a thrill and displayed great bravery. While the bombardment of the village of Liuho was in progress, Miss

Grace T. Crandall, woman physician, and Miss Susie M. Burdick, both in charge of the Seventh Day Baptist Mission Hospital, nursed wounded Chinese soldiers, nor would they budge until an heroic Associated Press correspondent, amid a "rain of bullets," brought up a truck and moved women and patients to safety in Shanghai, some 15 miles away, which was guarded by foreign troops and warships.

At this stage of the war, news of grave import came to light. Despite denials that Tuchuns Wu and Chang would participate in the struggle, it became early established that Chang was financing Lu and that President Tsao Kun (and probably Tuchun Wu) was supporting Chi. On top of this came a declaration of war from Chang in shape of a 1,000-word telegram from Mukden. Chang related a list of crimes committed by Tsao Kun and Wu. He swore to "rid the country of the people's traitors, thereby removing the obstacle to national peace and reviving the vitality of the people," and promised "for the sake of our nation" to "lead my army against them."

About the same time, Dr. Sun, "perpetual rebel," declared his intention of sending north a force to assist Tuchun Lu. The provisional line-up of the Tuchuns is Wu, Tsao Kun and Chi, swaying the provinces of Chihli, Honan, Shantung, Kiangsu, Szechwan, Shansi, Shensi and Kansu, against Chang, Sun, and Lu, who control the provinces in Manchuria and the provinces of Kwangtung and Chekiang. Much uncertainty was injected into the general situation by the unknown attitudes of the Tuchuns of the contiguous and intervening provinces of Fukien, Kiangsi, Anhui.

A more accurate idea of the strengths of Wu and Chang, who must now be regarded as the chief figures in the war, is to be obtained from an analysis of the areas and populations of their provinces and the provinces allied to them: Wu: 653,890 sq. mi. 157,180,000 people. Chang: 500,250 sq. mi.

50,390,000 people.

Recruiting was brisk. Gangs of soldiers armed with ropes and handcuffs, scoured the country. All likelylooking Chinamen were roped for military duty and sent to the front. Conscientious objectors were handcuffed and forced into the first line, where, from all accounts, they were relatively safe.

To ensure the safety of foreigners in