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Foreign News-[Continued]

archist Ministers in the Cabinet would be a real step toward linking the past with the present.

The Chancellor was not of the same opinion. He thought that Monarchists and Socialists should be admitted in equal numbers. In an interview, he said:

"The reason for this was an ultimatum from the People's Party - a member of the present Government coalition most friendly to the Nationalists [Monarchists]-threatening to 'reserve its liberty of action' unless other parties forming the coalition consent to the admission of Nationalists into the Government."

The position was this: The Socialists refused to join the Cabinet if the Monarchists were admitted; the Monarchists refused to join if the Socialists were to be represented. Foreign Minister Stresemann threatened to secede from the Government coalition unless Chancellor Marx gave the Monarchists the promised seats. The Chancellor wished to admit both Monarchists and Socialists into the Cabinet. The enigma defied solution. Resignations, dissolution of the Reichstag, with consequent general elections, were hinted. Herr Wirth, onetime Chancellor, and Herr Breitscheid, a Socialist leader, were mentioned as prospective Chancellor and Foreign Minister, respectively. Only one thing remained clear: Something had to be done. Beyond that, the future declined to speak.

Loan

All week long negotiations proceeded between Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, President of the Reichsbank, Dr. Hans Luther, German Finance Minister, and U. S., British and Continental bankers regarding the flotation of the $200,000,000 loan to be made Germany under the terms of the Experts' Plan.

It was expected that $100,000,000 of the loan would be placed in the U. S., $70,000,000 in Britain and the remainder on the Continent. Final terms were not published.

On one ground or another, hostility to the loan was evinced in London and Paris; and rumors were spread that the loan might not be successful. In plain point of fact, the loan is certain to be successful if for no other reason than that J. P. Morgan and British bankers have endorsed it. Probably it will be oversubscribed.

Samaritan

General Degoutte is a hero to the French. His War record and the stern efficiency of his rule in occupied Ger

International

GENERAL DEGOUTTE

He is a hero in France

many as Generalissimo of the FrancoBelgian troops combined to endear him to French hearts. In Germany, however, he was one of the best hated men among the hated "invaders."

Last week, a Mainz-Mannheim express steamed out of Mainz station and a few minutes later, in a tunnel, a local train crashed into it, "turning the tunnel into a smoky, gas-filled hell."

To the scene of the wreck rushed General Degoutte, the French Bishop with the occupation army and the German Bishop of Mainz. While the General personally directed rescue work, the two Bishops administered last rites to the dying.

THE HEJAZ

Religious War

In a vast uncharted Arabian desert are sixteen different states.* Some of these countries move whenever their inhabitants decide to strike tents. Some, again, are half settled-that is to say, the inhabitants roam about and return to a fixed settlement. Others are more or less fixtures. In a country of this nature, where whole states are moved on the backs of camels,

*The 16 States of Arabia:

Kingdom of Iraq; French Mandate of Syria; Kingdom of Hejaz; Emirate of Nejd and Hasa; Emirate of Jebel Shammar; Principate of Asir; Imamate of Yemen; British Protectorate of Aden; Sultanate of Oman; Sultanate of Koweit; Emirate of Kerak; Emirate of Bab-el-Mandab; Emirate of Lahj; State of Hadramaut; Emirate of El-Mohammerah; Emirate of Bahrein.

lies the cradle of Islam, and that cradle was rocked last week by the terrible hand of Emir Faisal Ibn Abdul-Aziz Ibn Saud.

Last Week's Events. Emir Ibn Saud, Sheik of Dariyah, Sovereign Lord of Nejd and Hasa, descendant of Mohammed Ibn Saud (founder of the Wahabite Empire), had declared war on Husein Ibn Ali, King of Hejaz. Verily, the fierce troops of Ibn Saud were at the gates of Mecca, Mohammaden Holy City.

Husein Ibn Ali, made King of Hejaz by the British for fighting the Turks in the War, made Calif of Islam by no other than himself, opposed the heretical warriors of the Emir of Nejd; but he was not so successful as his sons, Faisal, King of Iraq, and Abdullah, Emir of Kerak (Trans-Jordan). These two monarchs had been able to employ war birds of Britain and strike terror and confusion into Ibn Saud's ferocious men by dropping fire from the skies. Husein, himself had asked the loan of a flock of war birds. But Britain refused. She could not become implicated in a religious war. She had definite obligations to the rulers of Iraq and Kerak under mandates given her by the League of Nations. Husein was independentso independent in fact that he had hesitated overlong to sign a treaty with his ally, Britain. He must defend himself as best he could.

Unable to maintain himself in Mecca, King Husein last week abdicated the Throne of Hejaz and the CalifateIslam was again without a Calif for the second time within a year. King Husein, tears in his eyes, declared that his abdication was a temporary measure designed to protect Mecca from possible destruction. A despatch from Cairo stated that the royal signature to the document of abdication was affixed only after "he had spent many hours in prayer and wireless communication with his sons," Faisal and Abdullah.

Immediately following the abdication of Husein, a Provisional Government was formed. The first act of this Government was to send a delegation to Emir Ibn Saud for the purpose of arranging terms of peace before the occupation of Mecca by the Wahabis.

New King. The Government, or then Hejaz National Committee, elected Ali (oldest son of Husein, Emir of Medina) King of Hejaz, in

[graphic]

Foreign News-[Continued]

accordance with the terms of the abdication. It was expressly stated, however, that the offer of the throne was made on condition that Ali conform to the wishes of the people of Hejaz. His father's throne was accepted by Ali on this condition; but the throne of the Califate was left vacant until the election of a Calif by the Pan-Islamic Committee at Cairo, unless Ibn Saud should capture Mecca and elect himself Calif.

Meantime, it was announced from Alexandria, Cairo and London that ex-King-Calif Husein had sent the youngest of his four sons to London "on a private mission." It was alleged that the mission was to sound the British Government on the new situation in the Hejaz.

Islam. Islam signifies Peace, and as such it has long been an anachronism. It designates the whole Moslem world which, taking the holy city of Mecca as its central point, stretches to the west as far as Morocco; to the north, beyond the forlorn steppes of Russia; to the east, as far as the gates of Tibet and the East Indian Archipelago; to the south, into northern India.

A little more than 100 years ago, the Wahabis captured Mecca, capital of Islam, where is situated the tomb of the Prophet Mohammed. After bloody scenes and wild desecration, the Wahabis were crushed and chased back to their country of Nejd. On the eve of the War, Hasa was taken from the distracted Turk; and before it could be recovered the flaming tongues of the war dogs had licked the world.

In the crash of Empires and the falling of crowns, which seemed a logical result of the War, Turkey was a main link in the concatenations of stupendous events. For better or for worse, Turkey became a republic, a midget of a state compared to its former self; all the old panoplies of government were thrown overboard. The Sultan-Calif fled for his life. A new Calif arose; but the Sultanate was ground to dust by the puissant heel of Democracy. It was to be only a matter of time before the sole of the same foot was to crush the Califate, the holy office of the Successor to the Prophet. No wonder there was turmoil in Islam.

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said he was Calif; but that did not settle it. The Agar Khan of Bombay, the Emir of Afghanistan, Sultan Mulai Yusef of Morocco, King Fuad of Egypt all wanted to be Calif. The President of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, said that the Turkish Parliament would in the future impersonate the Calif. Abdul-Medjid Effendi, last Turkish Calif, declared with his predecessor, Mohammed VI, that his deposition as Calif was illegal and sacrilegious. Then from the heart of Islam, Husein Ibn Ali, a descendent of the Prophet, declared himself Calif and without more ado he assumed the Califate (TIME, March 24). A torrent of rage swept over Islam and died down. Husein became stronger and stronger each day. He was indeed the "Arab of Arabs," the Supreme Prince of the Moslem faith. But, under the surface, Islam was being moved by mighty forces. Who could say whence they would come, whither they would go? A Pan-Islamic Conference was planned to discuss and settle the question of the succession. It was clear that Husein's title was meaningless to the mass of Moslems.

Wahabis. With an increasingly jealous eye, the Emir of Nejd and Hasa viewed the opportunist power of his enemy, Husein, grow like an orchid upon the air. The brow of the beturbaned giant with the coalblack beard became furrowed with anger at the. irreligion of the Shia and Sunni Moslems. He would crush them, and off to Mecca he went with 72,000 fanatics before him. He would depose their upstart Husein, he would purge Islam of Moslem impurities. He, Faisal Ibn Abdul-Aziz Ibn Saud, Calif of the Saud Sect, would rule all Islam with the sword of purity as ordained by the Prophet. Was this to be the beginning of a holy war? No man could answer.

Koran. The Koran (Qur'an) is the cosmic reproduction of an uncreated original preserved by Allah (God). The Book of Allah, as the original is known, was sent, according to Mohammed's teachings, by God from the seventh Heaven down to Gabriel in the first Heaven; and parts of it were on various occasions revealed to the Prophet who, in many cases, wrote down the revelations. After the death of Mohammed, the writings were collected and were called the Koran.

The Koran is then the supreme authority of Islam. Under it are many others. Mohammed said there would be 73 Moslem sects, but that only one would survive. This is

authority enough for the existence of 73 sects, although the nuances which differentiate some of them are delicate in the extreme. For the purpose of clarifying the background to events which are even now taking place in Arabia, attention will be drawn to one-the Wahabite. The Wahabis are a cross between the Hanbalite and Zahirite sects ›r, in western parlance, the Puritans of the Church of Islam. They cling tenaciously to orthodox Moslem tenets and strive for the reform of Islam in conformity to the teachings of the Koran. They believe in:

1) Prohibition of alcoholic drink and tobacco

2) No shaving

3) No veneration of shrines, even that of the Prophet

4) No wearing of jewelry, other ornaments or silk

5) Non-intervention of a third party between the Faithful and Allah 6) Resistance to all foreign influences (Christianity, etc.)

7) The personal interpretation of the Koran and traditions (of the Prophet)

8) The proselytization of all nonWahabite Moslems

Thus the victory of Emir Ibn Saud, who knows the Koran by heart, is virtually a Puritan Revolution.

PERSIA

A Closed Incident?

Persians had expected something to happen and happen it did. Ever since the murder of Major Robert W. Imbrie, U. S. Vice Consul at Teheran, Persian capital (TIME, July 28), the populace had been filled with fearful forebodings. The murder, which was called by the Sétareh Iran, Teheran journal, a "bloody stain on a page of glorious history," was responsible, apart from its international complexion, for a proclamation of martial law, the resignations of Premier Reza Khan's colleagues, a plethora of arrests. Persians knew someone must die for a foul crime.

Court martials got busy. A fortnight ago, one Private Morteza was found guilty of:

"Having incited the mob to kill Vice Consul Imbrie; having disregarded the orders of Second Lieutenant Mustafa Khan and the noncommissioned officer, Mohammed Ali Khan, who three times ordered him to desist and pulled him out of the

Foreign News-[Continued]

mob, and having nevertheless persisted in attacking."

Last week he was shot. Blood has, apparently, washed out blood.

The day preceding the execution of Private Morteza, the Persian Government handed the U. S. Chargé d'Affaires ad interim, at Teheran, a check for $60,000.

"This amount," said the U. S. State Department in Washington, "is the sum fixed by this Government for payment by the Persian Government to Mrs. Imbrie as reparation for the loss sustained by the death of the late Vice Consul Robert W. Imbrie."

SIAM

Royal Visit

As a wag remarked, when Siam is mentioned, one thinks of twins. Two Siamese natives, legally joined together, arrived in the U. S. They were Prince Prajatipok, second brother of King Rama VI of Siam*, and his wife.

The royal couple spoke English perfectly (the Prince was educated at Eton and Oxford); and said they intended to visit Boston, Chicago and other places en route to San Francisco, where they are to embark for Japan, thence home. "Home is always a good place to get back to," remarked the Princess.

The War

CHINA

The contending Tuchuns continued their war (TIME, Sept. 15 et seq.) with great show and many loud noises, but neither side gained any appreciable advantages. In the north, slight progress was made by Tuchun Chang of Manchuria. In the south, the army of Tuchun Chi of Kiangsu drove its enemy two miles nearer Shanghai, their coveted goal; then rain stopped the engagement.

Super-Tuchun Chang was exceptionally busy behind his lines. In a proclamation "To all whom it may concern," he offered $50,000 for the head of President Tsao Kun or that of SuperTuchun Wu, his bitterest enemy. If he were permitted the great pleasure of seeing either one of them alive as prisoner in his own camp, the reward would be $100,000.

The Manchurian Super-Tuchun was also said to have come to an important understanding with Russia concerning the Chinese Eastern Railway. The gist

The Siamese call their country Muang: Thai, which means "country of the free.' The system of government is based largely upon that of Britain. Siam lies to the south of China and to the east of India. Its area is 200,148 sq. mi.-about four times the size of Pennsylvania.

of this accord was to the effect that it liberated two divisions of Chang's troops, which were immediately sent to the front for service against the Central forces.

Chang was also active in promoting Japanese friendship. Whether there was any connection or not between the insidious diplomacy of the Manchurian War Lord and 5,000 Japanese in Tokyo was undeterminable. At any rate, a meeting was held in Shibu Park, Tokyo, and was attended by Peers and Representatives. Resolutions demanding the active intervention of Japan in China on the side of Chang were adopted.

LATIN AMERICA Cuban Clash

Ex-President Menocal of Cuba, who was campaigning for a second term as President of the Republic, spent an eventful day.

Traveling on a train between the towns of Florida and Esmeralda, his party was fired upon by persons unknown.

A few hours later, four coaches of the train were derailed.

Continuing the journey by automobile, the ex-President at length arrived at Camaguey and started a campaign meeting.

Precisely how it happened could not be ascertained, for each side accused the other; but a political riot started, lasted two hours, and was quelled only after the militia had arrived on the scene. Seven people were killed, 57 injured.

At Havana, capital of Cuba, the guard around the presidential palace was doubled.

Commercial Congress

In Atlanta, Ga., assembled representatives of the Latin American Republics, together with those of 19 states of the U. S. The occasion was a Pan-American Commercial Congress. All the many speeches advocated closer commercial coöperation between American countries.

All the Latin-American Republics represented: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica. Cuba, Santo Domingo, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Salvador, Uruguay, Venezuela.

Member states of the U. S. represented: Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Illinois, Michigan, Connecticut, New York.

NEW B(

The following book. politically, historically, o related to Foreign News been published in the U.

Lord Pam

THE TRIUMPH OF LORD B. Kingsley Martin ($3.50). The relations betw lic and the press on the on the press and the Cabinet o are the subjects of this book it tells of Lord Palmerston's by Lord John Russell, of his s inclusion in the Cabinet of L deen, and his final triumph ove cifists. It shows how public drove the country into war wit when war could have been avo it tells how Lord Palmerston forward on the crest of a wave lic popularity.

It is difficult to say that the has written well; it is far easier that he has done a thorough p: editorial work.

Zeitgeist

LEVIATHAN-William Bolithoers ($2.00). The author has chose word Leviathan, meaning some formidably large, as title of a nu of essays interpreting "our age"what the Germans call Zeitgeist. Bolitho says the saxophone is our geist. He describes the curious cru of the English in Mme. Tussa Chamber of Horrors-the place w the effigies of famed murders are hibited before the crime, in the ac: the crime, after the crime, at the p of execution, etc. He tells of the g past, moving forward in the same d nified way to meet the future—and h well it is done. If it had been oth wise, the book could not have be written by Bolitho.

A Proud Ptolemy

THE LIFE AND TIMES OF CLEOPATR QUEEN OF EGYPT-Arthur WeigallPutnam ($5.00). The story of Anthon and Cleopatra, immortalized by Shake speare, would seem so well known a to make repetitions unnecessary. Yat Egyptologist Weigall has created a book that all will delight in reading. H characters live again in the pageant o the past. He has entered the spirit o Egypt and has portrayed with consummate skill and a sympathetic pen the great characters that entered into the life of the proud Ptolemy Queen.!! is a fine example of interpretive history, in which events are made the creations of human beings.

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Bewitched. A brilliantly colored and ambitious dream has added its spell to the diversions of the season. Fantasy is one of the most dangerous elements of the Theatre. The heavy hand, particularly the heavy stage hand, crushes its magic. The magic of Bewitched, occasionally disturbed by lanking scenery, contrives nevertheless > contribute a high quantity of beauty. It tells the tale of a Boston aviator, ashed in a magic forest of France d in love with the daughter of the stle. As he falls asleep that night, dreams that the Marquis of the tle is a sorcerer. In answer to his and for the daughter's hand in riage, the sorcerer presents him with ptations. The echoes of old love rn in tempting series to drown the t melody. Through a horrible t of memories he survives successto plead his case with the lovely in the morning.

orence Eldrige is called upon for complex portrayal of the grandhter, the wizard's ward, herself "a ress in a small way," and the old

Seldom are such intensive and licated demands made upon an s in a single evening. Miss Eldwas game, but hardly great.

[graphic]

y Drops In. A harmless little

y that is probably not long for orld was among the late arrivals week. It is one of those clean, ome entertainments to which you ke your greataunt. Almost anyse would be bored to death. enwich Village, and a bachelor e is suddenly surprised by a little who has been disowned by her

old mother just because she out too late at a party. In the e marries one of the bachelors. wich Village turns out to be a ettlement after all, given to mild and exceedingly correct parties.

it Music. The old story of the vho came back is herein told. is man didn't. The demeanor of ing is dangerously explosive, and ously obvious. It flies its danger › flagrantly that most of the witcan retreat, mentally, to safety the crash occurs.

ughout the play, an enlarged and ably expensive orchestra thunway at Erik Fane's great music. ction aims to tell the story of e, on which he based his symFirst he flees Rome with a ss because his father demands his to Wall Stret. Failing to write sic in Paris, he slides down the and is next discovered in a Port brothel. Ably assisted by quantiof dope, he murders a cockney man. His last lap is in the iesas where he comes down with y. In the brief remaining years

Foreign News-[Continued]

mob, and having nevertheless persisted in attacking."

Last week he was shot. Blood has, apparently, washed out blood.

The day preceding the execution of Private Morteza, the Persian Government handed the U. S. Chargé d'Affaires ad interim, at Teheran, a check for $60,000.

"This amount," said the U. S. State Department in Washington, "is the sum fixed by this Government for payment by the Persian Government to Mrs. Imbrie as reparation for the loss sustained by the death of the late Vice Consul Robert W. Imbrie."

SIAM

Royal Visit

As a wag remarked, when Siam is mentioned, one thinks of twins. Two Siamese natives, legally joined together, arrived in the U. S. They were Prince Prajatipok, second brother of King Rama VI of Siam*, and his wife.

The royal couple spoke English perfectly (the Prince was educated at Eton and Oxford); and said they intended to visit Boston, Chicago and other places en route to San Francisco, where they are to embark for Japan, thence home. "Home is always a good place to get back to," remarked the Princess.

The War

CHINA

The contending Tuchuns continued their war (TIME, Sept. 15 et seq.) with great show and many loud noises, but neither side gained any appreciable advantages. In the north, slight progress was made by Tuchun Chang of Manchuria. In the south, the army of Tuchun Chi of Kiangsu drove its enemy two miles nearer Shanghai, their coveted goal; then rain stopped the engagement.

Super-Tuchun Chang was exceptionally busy behind his lines. In a proclamation "To all whom it may concern," he offered $50,000 for the head of President Tsao Kun or that of SuperTuchun Wu, his bitterest enemy. If he were permitted the great pleasure of seeing either one of them alive as prisoner in his own camp, the reward would be $100,000.

The Manchurian Super-Tuchun was also said to have come to an important understanding with Russia concerning the Chinese Eastern Railway. The gist

The Siamese call their country Muang: Thai, which means "country of the free.' The system of government is based largely upon that of Britain. Siam lies to the south of China and to the east of India. Its area is 200,148 sq. mi.-about four times the size of Pennsylvania.

of this accord was to the effect that it liberated two divisions of Chang's troops, which were immediately sent to the front for service against the Central forces.

Chang was also active in promoting Japanese friendship. Whether there was any connection or not between the insidious diplomacy of the Manchurian War Lord and 5,000 Japanese in Tokyo was undeterminable. At any rate, a meeting was held in Shibu Park, Tokyo, and was attended by Peers and Representatives. Resolutions demanding the active intervention of Japan in China on the side of Chang were adopted.

LATIN AMERICA Cuban Clash

Ex-President Menocal of Cuba, who was campaigning for a second term as President of the Republic, spent an eventful day.

Traveling on a train between the towns of Florida and Esmeralda, his party was fired upon by persons unknown.

A few hours later, four coaches of the train were derailed.

Continuing the journey by automobile, the ex-President at length arrived at Camaguey and started a campaign meeting.

Precisely how it happened could not be ascertained, for each side accused the other; but a political riot started, lasted two hours, and was quelled only after the militia had arrived on the scene. Seven people were killed, 57 injured.

At Havana, capital of Cuba, the guard around the presidential palace was doubled.

Commercial Congress

In Atlanta, Ga., assembled representatives of the Latin American Republics, together with those of 19 states of the U. S. The occasion was a Pan-American Commercial Congress. All the many speeches advocated closer commercial coöperation between American countries.

All the Latin-American Republics represented: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Santo Domingo, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Salvador, Uruguay, Venezuela.

Member states of the U. S. represented: Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Illinois, Michigan, Connecticut, New York.

NEW BOOKS

The following books, economically, politically, historically, or biographically related to Foreign News, have recently been published in the U. S.:

Lord Pam

THE TRIUMPH OF LORD PALMERSTON - B. Kingsley Martin - Dial Press ($3.50). The relations between the public and the press on the one hand and the press and the Cabinet on the other are the subjects of this book. Briefly, it tells of Lord Palmerston's dismissa1 by Lord John Russell, of his subsequent inclusion in the Cabinet of Lord Aberdeen, and his final triumph over the Pacifists. It shows how public opinion drove the country into war with Russia when war could have been avoided; and it tells how Lord Palmerston surged forward on the crest of a wave of public popularity.

It is difficult to say that the author has written well; it is far easier to say that he has done a thorough piece of editorial work.

Zeitgeist

LEVIATHAN-William Bolitho-Harpers ($2.00). The author has chosen the word Leviathan, meaning something formidably large, as title of a number of essays interpreting "our age"-or what the Germans call Zeitgeist. Mr. Bolitho says the saxophone is our Zeitgeist. He describes the curious cruelty of the English in Mme. Tussaud's Chamber of Horrors-the place where the effigies of famed murders are exhibited before the crime, in the act of the crime, after the crime, at the point of execution, etc. He tells of the great past, moving forward in the same dignified way to meet the future-and how well it is done. If it had been otherwise, the book could not have been written by Bolitho.

A Proud Ptolemy

THE LIFE AND TIMES OF CLEOPATRA, QUEEN OF EGYPT-Arthur WeigallPutnam ($5.00). The story of Anthony and Cleopatra, immortalized by Shakespeare, would seem so well known as to make repetitions unnecessary. Yet Egyptologist Weigall has created a book that all will delight in reading. His characters live again in the pageant of the past. He has entered the spirit of Egypt and has portrayed with consummate skill and a sympathetic pen the great characters that entered into the life of the proud Ptolemy Queen. It is a fine example of interpretive history, in which events are made the creations of human beings.

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