Mills, the Newmarket Mill, the Consolidated Textile Company. By 1912, he abandoned the law completely for business. From textiles he went into street railways, insurance, banking. He became associated in politics with Calvin Coolidge, helped win that gentleman the 1924 Republican presidential nomination, became Chairman of the Republican National Commitee, and won the succeeding campaign against Davis and LaFollette. A few days later, there was an opportune vacancy in the Senate and the Governor of Massachusetts appointed him to succeed the late Senator Henry Cabot Lodge.

History may not have repeated herself, but she has written a paraphrase. Will History complete the parallel?

Hanna, after his appointment to the Senate, served not quite a year, was elected to fill out the short term, elected for the full term. He retained his post as Republican National Chairman, in Roosevelt's time was the leader of the conservative wing of the party, and all in all came as near to being a national political boss as the country has ever

seen.

Butler has been appointed to serve for two years, until the next national election.* He presumably will retain his post as Republican National Chairman, and as such will be a power in the Senate, even though a newcomer. Whether he will remain a satellite of the Administration or become a power behind the throne of Republican politics is yet to be seen. He goes to the Senate handicapped by the antagonism of a large part of the old guard. Will he win them over? He is as good a business man as Hanna. Will he be as clever a politician?

PROHIBITION

"Not Guilty"

John Philip Hill of Baltimore, Republican Congressman from the third District of Maryland, indicted for violating the Volstead Act (TIME, Oct. 6), was tried last week. And John Philip Hill was acquitted.

John Philip is a character. Hear about him in the sparkling words of Correspondent Clinton W. Gilbert:

"He lives by headlines. If newspapers were abolished, he would curl up and die. I know he will read this with delight and paste it away in his scrapbook. That's why I am writing it.

"A man who devotes all his energies to being a good story should

*There has been some talk of Democrats making a fight to prevent Mr. Butler from holding office for two years without a special election. The law seems to be clear that the Governor of Massachusetts can make an appointment until the next general election19-6 in this case,

Yes. He set up a cider press and allowed his cider to ferment a bit, just as he had done previously with some grapes, and he gave his neighbors to drink.

He was indicted on six counts for illegal manufacture and possession of the forbidden, and for constituting a public nuisance. But it is notorious that six counts does not constitute a knockout. John Philip took his six counts, then he took a reëlection, and then he took his trial.

The decision does not greatly alter the force of the Volstead Act. That Act forbids the manufacture, etc., for sale, of intoxicating beverages and defines such beverages as those containing more than 2% of alcohol. But tucked away in the Act is a sentence which says:

"The penalties provided in this act against the manufacture of liquor without permit shall not apply to a person for manufacturing non-intoxicating cider and fruit juices exclusively for use in his home. . ."

Federal Judge Morris A. Soper interpreted this to mean that the home juice-maker was exempt from the arbitrary definition that 2% alcoholic content makes a beverage "intoxicating." For beverages on sale, he held that the % criterion was legal and unassailable, but within the walls of a man's home what he made exclusively for his own use was not to be so strictly governed.

Judge Soper therefore charged the jury that, for the purposes of this case, "the question for you to determine is whether these articles were intoxicating in fact. . . . Intoxicating liquor is liquor which contains such a proportion of alcohol that it will produce intoxication when imbibed in such quantities as it is practically possible for a man to drink. . . . Perhaps I might interpolate here that the intoxication in this law means what you and I ordinarily understand as average human beings by the word 'drunkenness'. . ."

As far as regards the two counts charging John Philip with maintaining a public nuisance, the Judge instructed the jury to return a verdict of not guilty, since none of the questionable beverages was sold.

Then the jury went out to determine whether wine containing from 3.34% to 11.64% of alcohol and cider containing 2.7% alcohol was intoxicating in the ordinary meaning of the word. For 17 hours the jurymen were closeted. Two of them held out for a verdict of guilty. At last they gave in. "Not guilty."

John Philip, shaking hands vigorously, exclaimed: "Well, boys, you can make all the cider and wine you want now."

Then he added more formally:

"Independent of the verdict, the opinion of Judge Soper to the effect that fruit juices and cider made in the home for use there must be intoxicating in fact and are not limited to 2% alcoholic content, fixed by other sections of the act to regulate other beverages, is of the utmost importance.

"It strengthens us tremendously in our position in asking Congress to give us light wines and beer. It proves what I have always maintained-that the Volstead act is hypocritical, crooked and marked by two standards..."

ARMY AND NAVY Sink or Swim?

A citizen and a taxpayer marched into the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, last week, with a bodyguard of lawyers and counselors-at-law. At his right hand was Wilton J. Lambert, Washington attorney, centurion of the bodyguard. Such was the abrupt appearance of William B. Shearer, plaintiff-described in papers which his lawyers proceeded to file as a citizen and a taxpayer as well as a qualified naval expert and the inventor of a type of one-man torpedo boat, the Sea Hornet, sold to the Government during the War. One other person was described in the papers filed. He was Curtis D. Wilbur, set down as Secretary of the Navy and defendant.

Citizen Shearer is the same gentleman who, last spring, following fleet maneuvers, started discussion by a series of interviews in The New York Times in which he declared that the naval ratio of England, Japan and the U. S. was 5-3-1-with the U. S. last (TIME, May 12, 19).

Once more he emerges into the spotlight. He begged the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia to issue an injunction restraining Curtis D. Wilbur, in his capacity as Secretary of the Navy, from ordering or permitting the unfinished battleship Washington (one of the incompleted products left over after the Limitation of Armaments Conference) to be sunk at sea in bombing and target practice.

In support of his petition, Mr. Shearer urged:

1) That the Washington has cost $35,000,000 and is 85% complete; and, therefore, it would be a great waste to sink the ship as well as a "great and irreparable injury" to our national defense.

2) That the Limitation of Armaments Treaty is not in effect, was never properly ratified because of the "failure of France to ratify" in toto.

3) That the letter of the Treaty has not been observed by Great Britain, who is maintaining capital ships to the amount of 711,000 tons instead of the 525,000 tons allowed. This alleged condition comes about because the King George V, Thunderer, Ajax and Centurion have not been scrapped, as provided for in the Treaty, although the ships which were supposed to replace them, the Rodney and Nelson, are "practically completed."

4) That the spirit of the Treaty has not been observed by Japan or Great Britain who have continued to enlarge and improve their navies in ways not specifically prohibited by the Treaty.

5) That, as compared with the

navies of Great Britain and Japan, the U. S. Navy is "weak to a point of serious and alarming degree"-in fact, lags far behind the other two in strength. This point Mr. Shearer supports with

International

CITIZEN SHEARER

He objected

a mass of detail similar to that given out by him last spring.

6) That it would be better to convert the Washington into an aircraft carrier.

The Court gave Secretary Wilbur four days to show cause why, the injunction should not be granted. Meanwhile, preparations went forward for sinking the Washington off Cape Charles, Va., without any marks of perturbation on the part of the Navy Department. The plans called for planting bombs in the water around the ship and exploding them in imitation of airplane attack to see just how well modern armament could withstand such shocks. After several days of such tests, scientifically conducted, if the Washington were not yet sunk, the battleship Texas would be at hand to use her for target practice.

At the appointed time, the Navy Department filed its reply:

1) That the Washington has cost only some $15,000,000 and that it is only some 70% complete.

2) That Great Britain is allowed 580,000 tons in capital ships until the completion of the Rodney and Nelson; after which, when other ships are scrapped, Britain's allowance will be 558,000 tons-a larger tonnage, within the rights of the Treaty, than the 525,000 tons allowed to the U. S.

3) That the Saratoga and the Lexington have been ordered converted into aircraft carriers.

4) That the other matters raised by Mr. Shearer are immaterial.

5) That the President has full authority to order the destruction of the Washington in any manner he sees fit: and that in this matter the Secretary of the Navy acts only as his agent.

6) That much valuable information will be gained from the tests contemplated, since the opportunity of sinking the Washington will show the effectiveness of the type of armor employed on the latest war vessels.

Summarily, the Court dismissed Mr. Shearer's petition. He entered an appeal in the District Court of Appealswhich will take about 20 days. Meanwhile, the Washington was towed out to sea to her destruction.

Act Two

OIL

Wearing to a close in Los Angeles was the suit of the Government to recover the Elk Hills Naval Oil Reserve, leased to the Pan-American Petroleum & Transport Co. of Edward L. Doheny. Almost a year since the scandal began to brew, it is still sputtering-the Government trying to cancel the lease and make void the contract whereby the Doheny company tapped the California reserve and paid its royalties in tankage constructed for the Government at the Pearl Harbor naval base, Hawaii.

Still holding the stage was the black satchel with its famous cargo of $100,000 in currency, the alleged loan of Mr. Doheny to ex-Secretary Fall, the alleged bribe by which Mr. Doheny obtained the lease from ex-Secretary Fall, custodian of the Naval Oil re

serves.

Said Owen J. Roberts, counsel for the Government:

"It has been said that it was a loan. If it had been a loan, it would have been paid by check; but this $100,000 was paid in cash. His [Doheny's] son, the closest person to him, got the money and went with it to Fall. The public probably never will know the underlying reason for the tearing off of the signature from the receipt; but it was evident that Mr. Fall was not to be held liable."

Said Frank J. Hogan, counsel for Mr. Doheny:

"Is there any normal father in all the land who was going to bribe a public official and imperil his reputation and character, who would select his only son to carry the bribe? The selection of that only son was the very indicia that the man who sent the money had nothing in his mind which was evil or corrupt.... Does a bribed official give

or send to a briber a promissory note for the bribe?"

Even when this suit is ended, the affair of the oil scandals will not be over. There will be another suit against Harry F. Sinclair; and, after that, the final disposition of the naval oil reserves may be settled. This is only the second act. The country must not be bored yet, for the play is nowhere nearly finished. Unfortunately, the Senatorial playwrights put so much into the first act, made it so long and, in its way, so coruscating, that the rest of the drama seems in a fair way to drag.

LABOR

"Did Well"

Samuel Gompers, President of the American Federation of Labor, meditated on the recent election before reporters:

"Labor fared well-almost phenomenally well. In the face of the tremendous Coolidge landslide, there were elected to the new House of Representatives more members having Labor's indorsement than are to be found in the present House."

WOMEN

In Chicago

"Today we celebrate our Golden Jubilee, but our glorious cause is yet in its infancy. We must carry on in the way of that famous general who replied to news of a victory: "Then win another!'

"To our friends in all the world and to the law-nullifiers in our own Republic, we confidently radiocast the assertion: 'The work of the W. C. T. U. is just beginning.""-so exhorted Miss Anna A. Gordon, President, to a great host of women, brimming with enthusiasm, who sembled in Chicago to celebrate the 50th birthday of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.

as

Miss Gordon herself dwells in Evanston, also the home of Charles G. Dawes. She lives in Rest Cottage, which was the home of Frances E. Willard, founder of the movement, and which was left by Miss Willard as a legacy to Miss Gordon. The delegates made a pilgrimage to this shrine of their Union on the occasion of "the joyous culmination," as Miss Gordon termed the Jubilee.

With nearly 500,000 members and

INTERNATIONAL Triple Entente?

It was no mere spontaneous decision that prompted M. Paul Hymans, Belgium's astute and shrewd Foreign Minister, to propose last week a new Triple Entente* with Belgium taking Russia's place.**

Already Belgium has an alliance with France about which Britain has professed some anxiety. With Britain's southeastern seaboard within shell-fire from the coast of Flanders, she has long made it a cardinal policy to protect the independence of the little kingdom. In Napoleonic times England warred on the Continent because of this danger, and for the same ample reason she again warred from 1914-18. The question which the chancellories of the world discussed last week was, will Britain agree to join the proposed entente in order to be better able to exert her protecting influence for little Belgium, or, in other words, to strengthen her hand on the Continent?

Premier Baldwin of Britain said nothing. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Austen Chamberlain was likewise silent, although he was said to favor the principle. Large sections of the British public joined with the French and Belgians in heartily welcoming the suggestion of His Excellency, M. Paul Hymans, Foreign Minister of Belgium.

A few days later. Viscount Grey of Fallodon, once Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs as Sir Edward Grey, made a speech in Newcastle. Although Lord Grey has retired from politics he still wields considerable influence and what he said at Newcastle may be taken as an answer to M. Hymans:

"We will not stand for separate alliances. There is only one thing for which we are prepared to stand and that is the Covenant of the League of Nations."

REPARATIONS

Commission's Demise

The Reparations Commission, a body provided for in the Treaty of Versailles, its duties having largely been transferred to the organization executing the Experts' Plan, decided

*Entente is French for understanding which, in diplomatic parlance, has the further connotation of being unwritten. alliance, in contrast, is a formal, written

contract.

An

**The old Triple Entente was composed of Britain, France and Russia. The understanding between Britain and France was known as the Entente Cordiale.

DICK WHITTINGTON

"Thrice Lord Mayor of London"

to vacate the Hotel Astoria in Paris (its headquarters) and move to less pretentious premises. At the same time, the personnel is to be drastically reduced and no high salaries are to be paid. The cost of maintaining the Commission was well over a million dollars a year.

THE LEAGUE

Opium

At Geneva, representatives of the nations of the world busied themselves in an International Congress, aimed to eliminate the illicit trade in the drug.

Japan staggered the Congress at one point of the proceedings by injecting into a motion, expressing confidence in China's willingness to stamp out the opium trade, a resolution placing the Powers on record as determined to abide by a policy of non-intervention in Chinese affairs. After a prolonged palaver over this and a counter-motion blaming China, the whole matter was dropped.

The only constructive suggestion advanced was a state monopoly on opium. Only by this means was it thought that consumption of the drug could be effectively stopped. Japan, however, differed and thought that the elimination of opium smoking could be effected only by registration and rationing of all smokers.

Then the question of opium import certificates was raised. Britain's representative said that she could not habitually recognize import certificates because of scandals over them in an Oriental country which he "preferred not to name." Japan took quick offence, said she was being discriminated against, virtually withdrew from the Congress, which was then adjourned

until after a larger and more importan general conference should have taken place.

At the general conference, which b gan its deliberations at Geneva, Amercans present were: Representative

Stephen G. Porter, chairman of the U. S. delegation; Bishop Charles H Brent, Dr. Rupert Blue, ex-Surgeon General of the Public Health Department, Edwin L. Neville.

COMMONWEALTH

(British Commonwealth of Nations)

Lord Mayor's Show

Last week, dressed in his black robes of state, trimmed with gold, and wearing the famous Chain of Esses (hequeathed in 1567 by ex-Lord Mayor Sir John Alen to the then Lord Mayor an his successors to "use and occupie yerely at and uppon principall and festival dayes"), Sir Alfred Bower, member c the Vintners' Company (14th Vintner to be elected Lord Mayor), athlete and bicyclist, rode in state from the Guildhall to the Law Courts to be sworn in as Lord Mayor of London.

Preceding him rode in one long, gorgeous procession the representatives of the City Guilds, the Army, Navy and Air Force, the fire brigade, countless bands, etc. Then came the City Marshal, "an official chosen for his handsomeness," on a fine, prancing horse. Among the thousands upon thousands of people who lined the streets to witness the show the usual comments at the expense of the Marshall were heard: "E don't 'arf fancy hisseli. don't 'e," yelled a shrill female voice "Chuck it, Liz," growled her young man. "Jus' look at 'is 'at," shrieked the damsel. The crowd looked; and although they had all seen it before, they broke into jeering laughter. And so t is year after year; yet these taunts are the outer signs of an inner satisfaction and pride; no Londoner would willingly miss the Lord Mayor's Show, rain or sunshine.

A burst of delirious delight heralded the approach of the Lord Mayor's Coach. This magnificent coach, built in 1896 as a replica of the famous coach used since 1757, is made of wood,

The Guildhall is the grand civic hall of the City of London where the Mayor and Corporation have their Council Chamber an! where Kings and Princes are entertained. Freedoms are bestowed and great City fune tions take place. The sombre building, dating from the early 15th Century, is adorned by two gigantesque figures, 14 ft. high, of Go and Magog, the mythical giants who were supposed to have found their way into the King's service from "furren parts' and whom Ainsworth made famous with Og in his his tory of the Tower of London.

ornately carved and gilded and hung from leather straps. Drawn by six horses, driven by two powdered, whitewinged coachmen and with powdered footmen hanging on behind, the gorgeous coach bore the Lord Mayor on his way to receive recognition from the Justices acting in the King's name. The Lord Mayor then returned to the Mansion House (his official residence); and, in the evening, the usual and historic banquet was given at the Guildhall.

The significance of this yearly pageant bound very closely with the civic history of London whose people have ever safeguarded with religious zeal their ancient liberties.

Before the Norman invasion, the Mayor was known as the Portreeve (porta. Latin for gate; reeve, Saxon for chief magistrate of town; cf. shirereeve, contracted to sheriff). So strong was the City at this time that the Great Conqueror placed special value on securing its voluntary sanction to his kingship.

The title of Mayor is popularly dated from 1189 (in 1889 the septcentenary of the mayoralty was held); but, in point of fact, the City did not become a municipality until 1191; and the title of Mayor must be put at the latter date.

It is alleged that Thomas Legge first styled himself "Lord Mayor" as early as 1354; but the title was not in consecutive use until 1540; and nowhere does there appear any record of a Royal Grant of the additional "Lord."

The Lord Mayor's show was incepted in 1215 when King John suggested that the Mayors should present themselves to him or to his Justices for the royal approval. On the annual pilgrimage to Westminster for this purpose, crowds followed the Mayor-elect who generally rode on horseback; gradually the crowd became more ordered, and a procession was formed. For some years, the Mayors-elect used to make the journey by water in a magnificent state barge; but, in the 17th Century, the practice of riding was re-introduced and continued until 1711, when Sir Gilbert Heathcote was distinguished by his horse's throwing him. From 1712 until the present date, the Lord Mayors have always ridden in coaches to the Law Courts to be sworn in.

Before 1215, the portreeves, bailiffs (Norman title for mayor) and mayors held the office for many years; but after that date, due to John's charter of 1214 to the City, the mayors were elected annually and were generally merchant princes. Thus, of all the hundreds of mayors-many of them great men-the one who is best known is "Dick Whit tington, thrice Lord Mayor of London."

Dick, so the story goes, was a noor

Keystone

THE PRESENT LORD MAYOR "-delirious delight"

lad who found his way to London and was taken into the service of the merchant Fitzwarren. To rid himself of the mice in his garret-bedroom, he bought a cat for a penny. As it was a custom for all the Fitzwarren servants to send something of their own in their master's ships to make a little money, Dick was virtually forced to send his cat away; but the cat caught rats for a foreign king; and the king paid enormous sums for the cat; and all this money Dick received. He married his former master's daughter and became "thrice Lord Mayor of London" as the Bow Bells had years before proclaimed to him.*

As a matter of fact, such a person as Richard Whittington did live; but he was the son of a wealthy family and never lacked a gold piece. It is improbable that he was ever Lord Mayor; but on four occasions he was elected Mayor, i.e., 1397, 1398, 1406, 1419.

Speech

At the Lord Mayor's banquet (see above) in the Guildhall (the offices and Council Chamber of the Corporation of the City of London), Premier Baldwin arose to make the

There are several versions of the Dick Whittington story.

usual speech expected of British Prime Ministers on this occasion. Many times in the history of the Guildhall important political speeches have been voiced within its wall and have echoed to the dim, distant parts of the world. Premier Baldwin was at a disadvantage, however. Just reappointed Premier, he was compelled by custom to make his first speech, as such, before the first Cabinet Council had met. It was not, therefore, surprising that the Premier took pains to clothe his speech in vague generalities.

The Opposition

Liberal. A revolt within the Liberal Party was incepted when Captain W. Wedgwood Benn, M. P. for Leith, wrote to a prominent Liberal newspaper: "I cannot acknowledge in any way, direct or indirect, Mr. Lloyd George as my leader in the House of Commons . . . The vital fault is want of trust. The people have no confidence, and rightly so, in Mr. Lloyd George."

This statement was made while exPremier Asquith, the leader whom Captain Benn prefers, was "journeying to Egypt to consult the Sphinx on the Liberal riddle," in the words of Austen Chamberlain, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. The political significance of the incipient revolt is little, because most of the Liberals in the new House of Commons are faithful to Mr. George. If, however, Mr. Asquith should decide to return from Egypt to contest a Dundee seat made vacant by the death of Laborite Edmund D. Morel, and if he should be elected, the small Liberal group in the House may again become divided, as it was in 1922, under the leadership of Asquith and George.

Labor. In a manifesto, signed by ex-Premier MacDonald and several notables of the Independent Labor Party, Socialists were told that "our work now is to win the people for Socialism." They were also informed that:

"We must show that Socialism is not a destructive force, encouraging antagonism to existing institutions, but a constructive force making for order and true harmony, based on justice and service; that the Labor Party is the only Party whose program is founded on beliefs that will lead the world to peace and disarmament.

"While the Labor Party in Parliament is doing its work as the Opposition, the Socialists in the country must be educating the electorate and preparing the necessary organization