tains the Housing Scheme is expected to come up during the Autumn session of the House of Commons and not a few political critics have forecast the defeat of the Government. But such prophecies are premature; the Opposition may think it wiser to let the Government remain "in office," rather than risk a referendum to the people on the Housing Scheme, which is popular, and which might result in the Labor being returned "to power."

"Society." What is to be the ultimate effect of office and society-splashing on the Laborites? Said the cosmic sage,

"It will constitute a permanent hangover for various of the horny-handed who have mounted to ministerial and other eminence. It is summed up in the sentence-Life will never be the same again. I must except a man of the type of Ramsay MacDonald, who brought a real cultural background to the post of Premier.

The truth of the matter is that not only do some of the Socialists like the trimmings and social by-products of power but they will miss them once they retire from public life. Incidentally, they have cultivated expensive tastes-that is, expensive as compared with the former mode of life. A story is told of a certain high Labor official who is said to have exclaimed during one of the many crises that the Government has faced: 'If I go out, who will pay my tailor?'"

The journalist proceeded to quote one of the many stories current in London about Laborites and their wives in Society. To a peer's residence was invited a "high Labor personage" and his wife.

"After dinner the wife of this particular Labor person went to her hostess and said that she was leaving, whereupon the lady of the house said: 'You must not think of going. There is to be a reception later on and many interesting people are coming.'

"No,' retorted the Labor wife. 'We must be off. My shoes are tight, my stays are tight and my husband is tight.'"

Out of Jail

In his room in the Dail Eireann (Irish Lower House) President William Cosgrave signed an order for the release from prison of Eamon de Valera, obdurate chief of recalcitrant Irish Republicans. Many more release orders were signed.

The day following the signing of the order, de Valera and his lieutenant, Austin Stack, marched forth into the sunshine from the dim recesses of the Arbor Hill Barracks in Dublin. The press was busy vaporing upon the significance of a de Valera free Many the Free State. roam stressed the excitement in Republican

to

circles upon the release of their leader, and mildly wondered if it would lead to more violent trouble.

Others referred to the Tailteann games (Irish Olympics) and stated that their success, which was doubted, is now assured.

Most interest attaches to the future of the Constitutional Republican Party, which has, since last year's election, held aloof from the Dail. Will de Valera take his position as head of the Party? Will he lead his Party to the Dail and fight constitutionally for the establishment of an Irish Republic? His first words were awaited.

Wet

Closely following in the footsteps of Manitoba, the Province of Saskatchewan clambered down from the water wagon on which both had The clambered so recently as 1920. majority in favor of the descent was stated to be "overwhelming."

The "dry" provinces are: Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, the latter of which is to wage a furious battle in the Fall to decide the vexing question of prohibition. As almost onethird of the entire population of Canada lives in Ontario, the outcome of the fight is not without moment to wets and drys alike. The Drys were reported to be preparing a desperate defense against the Wets, who were organizing a violent attack on the Drys.

The wet Provinces: Quebec, Manitoba, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Yukon, Northwest Territories.

Notes

GERMANY

In the Autumn, passengers on the principal German express trains will be able to telephone any number in Germany or to be telephoned from any point in the country. This is to be made possible by the installation of wireless outfits on the trains. The procedure is for the passenger to call up a German city and ask to be connected with the desired number.

Persons wishing to call a passenger must call up the central exchange, ask for the train and, when connected, ask for the passenger, who will then be paged.

In the Prussian Diet fair fraus and fräuleins stopped a fight among the

Almost six months have fled since th Spanish Dictator, Captain-Genera Primo Rivera, exiled for criticizing august régime the venerated littérateur Don Miguel de Unamuno. And s willy-nilly, off went the poet-philos pher, erstwhile Rector of Salamand University, to God-forsaken Puerto Ca bras in the isle of Fuerteventura in th horrid, torrid zone.

From this barren isle, which lies o the north-west coast of Africa a forms a unit of the Canary Isles, De Miguel was in the habit of sending forth to the outside world violent protes against the cavalier manner in whic Primo had treated him and also aga the arbitrary rule of him that is calle Primo.

In Britain, Portugal, France, Belgi Holland, Germany, Switzerland, Ita growls of protest swelled to a swirl roar of indignation. Even in the U.S voices were not silent. A Unamuno le

er was recently sent to the press, accompanied by a hot letter from Judge Peter J. Hamilton of Porto Rico. Don Unamuno's letter, in part: "I have been xiled here, having been given twentyfour hours to abandon my house, without judicial writ, not even of a military udge; without any proceeding and without telling me why."

Then came a royal pronunciamento of amnesty (TIME, July 14). Don Miguel was free, free to go back to Spain.

Last week, however, news came from Paris that Unamuno had been rescued by Le Quotidien, Paris Radical journal, which had fitted up a ship to go to' Fuerteventura. After an adventurous voyage the ship, under command of M. Henri Dumay, directeur of the Progrès Civique, arrived at its destination and effected, under terrible risks, the rescue.

The question rose as to whether Don Miguel escaped before the amnesty was granted or whether he left after being notified of his liberty, as the Spanish Government declared he was. Le Quoidien declared, however, that the exiled man was rescued before the glad news was conveyed to him. The argument seems puerile: the poet-philosopher* is Eree, is going to Paris; there to work among the free men of France for light and liberty."

in a secret session of a Court at Waukegan, Ill. Her father was once Minister to China, and on leaving that post in 1921 he made a sensational trans-Rus

JAN MASARYK

A prospective son-in-law

sian tour in an automobile. It is said
of him that he is known and beloved

CZECHO-SLOVAKIA by everyone, everywhere.
Following Father

Jan Garrigue Masaryk, son of Dr. Thomas Garrigue Masaryk, President of the Czecho-Slovakian Republic, like mis father is to marry an American girl. According to a despatch from Prague, capital of Czecho-Slovakia, the President's son has asked Mrs. Robert Leatherbee,† 'daughter of Charles Richard Crane, onetime millionaire-President of the Crane Valve Company. No official announcement was made; that is to come later at Vary Karlovy (Karlsbad) at a reception to be given by the President.

The prospective bride married Robert Leatherbee of Boston in 1907; in January of this year they were divorced

*Don Miguel de Unamuno was born nearly 50 years ago, and is a scion of an old Basque Family. The Basques speak a language foreign o Spaniards; they are passionately fond of Freedom and independence as witness their history; in battle, whether of deeds or words, hey are brave and tenacious.

Don Miquel is neither a great student nor a great critic of philosophy, but is himself a Shilosopher dealing with his own material'naked humanity and its secret passions and hidden dreams, its obscure gropings and Faltering hopes." Probably his greatest work s Del Sentimento Tragico de la Vida. 1912, even the King spoke of him as "my Friend Unamuno."

In

†The announcement in the U. S. press ignorntly referred to her as "Miss Wetherbee Crane."

Jan Masaryk was formerly a Lieutenant in the Austrian Army. In 1919 he was appointed Chargé d'Affaires at the Czecho-Slovakian Legation in Washington, and in May of this year he was made Czecho-Slovakian Minister to the Court of St. James's.

BULGARIA

Laughing Radoslavoff

Avoiding the "mistake" which the Greek Government made in executing the Ministers alleged to be responsible for the Greek defeat at the hands of the Turks, the Bulgarian Parliament (Sobranje) voted amnesty to ex-Premier Vaseil Radoslavoff and his Cabinet who were charged with treason in having brought Bulgaria into the War on the side of the Central Powers.

In the latter part of 1918, the arrest of ex-Premier Radoslavoff and 13 of his Cabinet Ministers was ordered. Radoslavov and one Minister escaped to Berlin, the remaining twelve were arrested and thrown into prison.

In 1920 the trial began, Radoslavoff interested from afar. For one year the trial dragged on, at the end of which the

Judges decided that as the Ministers were charged with wronging the people, the people ought to decide on the guilt of the accused. The people found them guilty and they were condemned last year to imprisonment for life with hard labor. Radoslavoff, in Berlin, called it laughable; the unfortunate eleven condemned ex-Ministers (one died in prison, one was still in Berlin) saw nothing funny in the situation.

Out

GREECE

The Cabinet of Premier Papanastasiou, tottering for a month, fell. The crisis was caused by the resignations of Colonel Kondylis, Minister of War and General Tsouderos, Minister of Finance, who accused the Premier of encouraging Communism.

This is the first Government crisis within three months of the establishment of the Republic (TIME, Mar 29).

One Dead

Scene: Offices of Opposition-newspapers Tachydromos and Himerissia at Salonika.

Enter: Greek soldiers, supposedly at the orders of the Republican Government.

A soldier: "The speech made by General Metaxas [Royalist Leader] is not to be printed!"

Editors: "You have no right to issue such an order. Certainly we shall print the speech."

Thereupon, the soldiers unslung their rifles and fired indiscriminately. Indescribable panic followed, many people were found to have been seriously wounded, one was dead. The newspapers were thus forced to suspend publication.

The tragedy was over.

YUGO-SLAVIA

Old, Out

Premier Nikola Pashitch tendered his resignation and that of his Cabinet to King Alexander, advising His Majesty to call for a new election. Thus, a laconic despatch from Belgrade.

Why is the Government resigning at this time? The despatch was silent. In March, 1923 (TIME, March 31, 1923), the last general election was held for the Narodna Skupshtina (National Assembly) and no further election is constitutionally due until 1927. But the patriarchal Premier

has been experiencing much opposition both within and without Parliament. Ever since the 70 Croatian Agrarians consented to sit in the Assembly, in April of this year, the old Premier's position has become more and more difficult, and it is not surprising that he has decided to refer the issues to the country, albeit reluctantly.

The chief matter to be settled is whether or not Croatia is to have "autonomy." Under the able leadership of Raditch, "Stormy petrel of the Balkans," the Croatians have persistently demanded their freedom and the Serbs have with equal persistence denied it to them. In the last election the Croatians secured 70 seats in the Skupshtina; this year they may do better. If they should win, another section of Yugo-Slavia (South Slavia) must be granted its freedom.

But elections are somewhat of a farce in the Balkans, and they are probably conducted with more dishonesty in Yugo-Slavia than in any other part of that unhappy peninsula.

Nikola Pashitch, who is part Bulgarian, recently celebrated his 80th birthday. For some 55 years he has devoted himself to the service of his country. In 1881 he conceived the idea of a Greater Serbia, became cofounder with the Greek leader, Eleutherios Venizelos, of the Balkan League, and with him hatched many a scheme for extending the frontiers of Serbia and Greece. With the signing of peace in 1918 his dreams were realized. Serbia grew into the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata, i Slovenaca), but he found himself faced with opposition from Montenegrins and Croatians, who strongly objected to this arbitrary disposition, to some extent upon religious grounds. Old Serbia is preponderantly Orthodox Catholic; Croatia and Montenegro preponderantly Roman Catholic.

With all his faults and ambitions Pashitch is a picturesque old man and has earned for himself by his labors the title: "Grand Old Man of Serbia." He hopes to live to see prosHe perity brought to the Balkans. seems to have a good chance, for his father lived to the grand old age of 103.

Last year a young Serbian bank clerk tried to assassinate him (TIME, July 9, 1923). To make a repetition of this act more difficult, he now rides about Belgrade, capital of YugoSlavia, in an automobile with opaque glass windows.

NIKOLA PASHITCH Protected by opaque glass windows

PERSIA

An "Accident"

In the domain of Shah Muhammed Hasan Mirza, until April Valiahd (Crown Prince) of Persia, when his brother Ahmed was dethroned (TIME, Apr. 7), the plebs were adverse to having pictures taken of their religious observances, particularly when there were any women round.

It so happened that a crowd of Persians were giving vent to their spleen in holding meetings of hostility to the Bahaists, religious sect. Allegedly before a sacred fountain in Teheran, capital of Persia, one of these meetings was taking place. Along came U. S. Vice Consul Major Robert W. Imbrie and another American by the name of Melin SeyBefore the mour, in a carriage. fountain they stopped and took some pictures. Immediately the crowd rushed upon the Americans, crying out that they were Bahaists. They dragged them from the carriage, cut them, beat them. In vain did native servants of missionaries explain that the Americans were not Bahaists. The police were powerless to stop the infuriated mob. Four hours later, Vice Consul Imbrie was dead; Seymour was taken to a hospital in a critical condition.

The tragedy was the culmination of recent anti-foreign demonstrations aimed principally at the British. At the temporary funeral of the Vice

Consul, the American Church in Teheran was packed full. There were present the Serdar Sepah (Reza Khan), Premier of Persia, and members of his Cabinet, the Court Minister of Ceremonies, all the members of the Persian Parliament, representatives of all the foreign legations (except Russia) and most of the European colony. Mrs. Imbrie is to bring her husband's body back to the U. S. in the near future. Hundreds of arrests were made by the Persian police in connection with the murder.

The Persian Government instructed its Chargé d' Affaires in Washington to express to the Government of the U. S. its deepest regrets over the "unfortunate accident" and to state that everything would be done to bring the guilty persons to justice. The message indicated, however, that "the Imbrie and Seymour accident was due to their own carelessness in going to a sacred place and persisting in taking pictures. The police and army forces which went to protect them, when they were attacked by the mob, received serious injuries. Three policemen were mortally wounded and one of the soldiers died a few hours later as a result of injuries received by him."

The U. S. State Department announced that pending an enquiry, begun under the direction of Under Secretary Joseph Grew, Acting Secretary of State in the absence of Charles E. Hughes, no formal action will be undertaken to obtain redress by the U. S. Government.

Oil!

Colonel Merian C. Cooper, quondam U. S. War aviator, quondam Colonel in the Polish Air Service, quondam prisoner of war in Bolshevikland, now an explorer of note, had much to say upon the great oil fight which has sporadically raged in Persia under various guises for many a long year:

"Russia is determined to have the concessions in the five Northern Persian departments which were controlled by Russian interests before the war. An Armenian who is a Russian subject and the holder of a large interest in these pre-war concessions sold his interests to English investors. At the same time the Sinclair interests have practically tied up the Persian Government in a new concession in the same district. Russia, however, refuses to recognize either of these concessions as valid and is demanding that the rights be given her. And certainly she appears to be in the strongest position. The modera tion of the treaty she made with Persia

fter the invasion of 1920 and the fact hat she has chased the English out f the Northern Provinces have given er the greatest prestige there and she = using her best diplomatic efforts to ake advantage of this.

"It is also the Russian aim to preent American capital from building a ailroad across Northern Persia. Engand, too, is fighting the Americans in nis, and the British Government is usg the loan made to Persia in wartime = a very effective weapon."

JAPAN

Protection

The Island Empire of the West Britain), once a protectionist Naon, has thought it indispensable to 5 interests to become the greatest ee-trade Nation in the world. The land Empire of the East, whose eographical position is analogous to at of the British Commonwealth of ations, has been tempted from the roadway of free-trade into the sidereets of protection, emulating, in is respect, the U. S.

Last week the Imperial Diet passed Government Bill raising the tariff 250 luxury-articles by an addi>nal 100% ad valorem duty.

The bill, according to the Governent, is intended to curb Japanese petites for foreign-made luxuries. hey must now consume their own xuries, or pay highly for those imrted into the country.

Totes

CHINA

Floods at Canton in the extreme uth and at Kalgan in the extreme orth caused much damage. In Cann, the Chu-Kiang river overflowed d serious apprehension for the fety of the city was entertained.

Kalgan, a commercial city on the ongolian border, 700 lives were lost d over $1,000,000 worth of damage is done.

American Jews are to aid their inese brethren,* in the Jewish lony of Kvaifêng Fu, to preserve

The Jews found their way to China in 3 and were allowed to open a synagogue K'ai-feng Fu in 1164, since when they e enjoyed the protection of the authorities. secution of the Jew is relatively unknown China; but they nevertheless keep very ch to themselves, most probably because abhor the Chinamen's pet food, the pig. y are known to the Chinese as "the sect hose who take out the sinew," which refers :heir peculiar method of preparing meat in Er to make it kosher.

Judaism, said a despatch from Shanghai.

The diplomatic conundrum, posed by the Chinese Government when it agreed to accept an Ambassador from Russia, was in process of being solved. The Chinese Government wrote to foreign governments and asked them what they were going to do about it, which was a virtual invitation to them to raise the rank of their representation from Ministers to Ambassadors. Replies were awaited.

Chinese in the employ of foreigners in Sha-mien (foreign section of Canton), went on strike because of the British Consulate's new requirement that all Chinamen employed in Shamien shall be equipped with passes bearing their signature and photograph if they leave or enter that quarter after 9 p. m. The Chinese declared that the regulations place them on the same footing as criminals. Twenty-six unions walked out in sympathy with the grief-stricken Chinamen from Sha-mien.

- LATIN AMERICA Revoluting Brazil

The heavy hand of the censor having fallen upon Brazil (see THE PRESS), news from that "revoluting" country was a tangled mass of conflicting rumors, in which the truth was all but inextricable.

The communiqués issued by the Brazilian Government stated that victory was in sight: that a great battle was raging in which the defeat of the rebels was momentarily expected; that the rebel cause was doomed; that strong reinforcements had been sent to the São Paulo front and a decisive engagement planned; that the great assault was certain to crush the rebels; that the attack was about to begin.

Rumors from the rebel side were based upon the usual journalistic "trustworthy information." This information was exclusively to the effect that the rebels were gaining; that they were stronger than was supposed; that they awaited the Federal's attack with serene contempt; that they were entirely confident that they could hold the city of São Paulo against their enemy until further orders; and much more of this kind of

news.

It seems pretty well established that the cause of the revolt is ancient. The State of São Paulo is the home

of the rich coffee planters, known as the "Yankees of Brazil," because of their enterprise and wealth. This State has an area of 112,312 square. miles and is therefore larger than all the New England States with Pennsylvania added.

Away back in 1889 Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil, reformer and pacifist, lost his throne by decreeing the release of hundreds of thousands of slaves belonging to the coffee planters without compensation. At the same time his pacifism alienated the militarists and his refusal to grant them the rights they demanded caused them to join the planters; since that time the two (planters and militarists) groups have remained together.

The situation leading up to the present revolt is similar. President Artur da Silva Bernardes is a reformer. To improve the nation's finances, he cut the Army appropriations, and, unheard-of thing, he introduced the income tax to Brazil. A section of the Army became peeved at the cut in their appropriations, and the rich planters, who suffered most from the hated income tax, became the President's intractable enemies, the more so since he was also a vigorous opponent of peonage (system of quasi-feudalism) which they were anxious to have recognized.

Thus, after much hostility, embittered by personal feelings and actions, the revolt broke out in São Paulo, richest State of Brazil, and battle is now being waged between "liberalism" in power and "reactionism" out of power.

NEW BOOKS Days of the Roi Soleil

THE LETTERS of Madame-Edited by Gertrude Scott Stevenson - Appleton ($5.00).

Elizabeth Charlotte of Bavaria, Princess Palatine, Duchesse d'Orléans, known at the Court of Louis XIV as "Madame," lived through most of the long reign of the Roi Soleil, which was fittingly commemorated many years later by Voltaire's Louis Quatorze.

This was an age of letter-writing among the ladies of the period. Most of them wrote about the trivialities of Court life and paid floods of compliments to the King and the "reigning mistress;" few ventured upon criticisms. Those letters of de Scudéry, de Sévigné, de Grignan or de Maintenon were ob

sequious in character, unless they engaged in abstract discussion of the Arts or turned to the contemplation of Nature, which was the rarest of expedients. The letters of de Maintenon (widow of the poet Scrarron) were naturally centred upon the King and in them can be seen the depths of her bigotry and the schemes she laid for securing and maintaining boundless influence over Louis.

But the letters of Madame are different. She was essentially a woman of the don't-give-a-damn-what-I-say type, and for this very reason her letters have for many years been invaluable to historians. In a letter to the Duchess of Hanover she says: "You may be sure that I am very much annoyed with the King for treating me like a serving wench. That would have been all right for his precious Maintenon.* She was born for that sort of treatment but I was not." Most people found it dangerous to write of their Sovereign in such terms even in private letters, which were always liable to be opened by the notorious Louvois and their contents communicated to the King.

The

When Louis came to the throne licentiousness was openly practiced. King, indeed, set an example to the Court by his amours with the beautiful La Valliére and later with Madame de Montespan. But after the Queen's death and after the King had fallen a victim to the wiles of Madame de Maintenon, the whole Court became devout, and the courtiers remained libertine in Paris and became devout at Versailles. All this Madame's letters show most clearly.

A touch of Teutonic humor is not absent. Referring to a Royal visit to the Armies, she says: "Madame de Chartres, Madame. la Duchesse and the Princess de Conti have all three returned from the expedition pregnant, so the King cannot pretend that this journey was a fruitless one. . . ."

Her life at Court was not happy. She was continually being placed in Monsieur's or the King's bad books by the scurrilous reports of her enemies, which were to the effect that she was carrying on an "affaire" with some gallant. These were but malicious lies, and that becomes plainer after reading Madame's description of herself: "I have always been plain, and since I had smallpox have become more so, and my figure is outrageous. I am as square as a dice, my skin is red, tinged with yellow; I am beginning to go grey and have pepper-and-salt tresses; there are wrinkles on my forehead and round my eyes, my nose is as crooked as it always was, and is pitted with smallpox to

*Madame de Maintenon, a mistress of the King, later his wife. She was known to the Parisiens as "Madame de Maintenant," meaning the mistress of the moment.

boot; as are also my cheeks, which are pendulous with large jaws and jagged teeth. My mouth is changed, too, having become larger and wrinkled at the corners. Behold what a beautiful object I am..." To be sure this was

+Louis' attempt to extend the boundaries of France to the Rhine, a policy said by some to have been followed by ex-Premier Poincaré. To this day Germans remind the French of the unprovoked attack on the German principalities and duchies when they justify their present actions against Germany by the latter's conduct in the Franco-Prussian War. This is the danger of historical parallels.

Bierstadt-Robert M. McBride & Co. ($2.50).

The jacket of this book* says it is "a candid and impartial account of the real facts of the Near East situation of to'day." The content of the book shows it to be one of the most glaring of all partisan books that have ever been printed on the Near East tangle.

Mr. Bierstadt says in his preface that the State Department called his publisher's attention to "grave errors" in his work. He continues that, at the end of a day's discussion, "the Department was unable to point to any error in fact. They simply disagreed with the conclusions I had drawn." Any one who had only the vaguest idea of what the Near East stands for could hardly fail to side with the State Department.

The book in the main deals with the persecution, of the Christian minorities by the Turks. There is little exaggeration here, and in the historical background, so copiously supplied, no major error of fact is detectable. The partisanship of the book lies in its grave omissions. This can best be shown by example:

"The Bosnian revolt had spread to Bulgaria, and the Turks put down the insurrection by massacring more than 12,000 men, women and children. Gladstone flamed out in his pamphlet entitled 'The Bulgarian Horrors'. . ."

All very true, but subsequent enquiries showed that the Turks had not been unprovoked and that Serbs, Bosnians, and Montenegrans had committed crimes undreamed of by the Turks. It was said of the Montenegrans that they "counted the prowess of their warriors by the number of Turkish noses they collected, those with a piece of hirsute [hairy] upper lip attached counting for most as being those of male opponents." After that, even Gladstone was forced to recant.

The book is interesting mainly in that it shows the extent to which the Near East can be misunderstood and misinterpreted.

A HISTORY OF THE BRITISH PEOPLEEdward Maslin Hulme-The Century Co. ($4.00). The high enthusiasm with which this book ought to be received would fail to render it justice. Without any doubt, it is the best précis of British civilization which has appeared in recent years. Its clarity and simplicity, adumbrated by a romantic tinge, which lies in the way the author tells his story, raise this book almost to the rank of an epic of the British Isles.

*Appeared serially in The Christian Herald (TIME, Dec. 17).